نظرة عامة على الاقتصاد الجزئي

Microeconomics Overview

• Definition: Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies individual agents, such as consumers and firms, and their interactions within markets.
• Focuses on supply and demand, pricing, and resource allocation.

Key Concepts

1. Demand

   • Law of Demand: As the price of a good increases, quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa.
   • Determinants: Income levels, consumer preferences, prices of related goods (substitutes and complements), and expectations about future prices.

2. Supply

   • Law of Supply: As the price of a good increases, the quantity supplied increases, and vice versa.
   • Determinants: Production costs, technology, number of sellers, and expectations about future prices.

3. Market Equilibrium

   • Occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
   • Determines the market price and quantity of goods exchanged.

4. Elasticity

   • Price Elasticity of Demand: Measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
     • Elastic (>1): Demand changes significantly with price changes.
     • Inelastic (<1): Demand changes little with price changes.
   • Price Elasticity of Supply: Measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price.

5. Consumer Behavior

   • Utility: Satisfaction a consumer derives from consuming goods and services.
   • Marginal Utility: Additional satisfaction obtained by consuming one more unit of a good.
   • Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility: As consumption increases, the added satisfaction from each additional unit decreases.

6. Production and Costs

   • Short Run vs. Long Run: Short run includes fixed factors of production, while long run allows for all factors to be variable.
   • Types of Costs: Fixed costs (do not change with output) and variable costs (vary with output).

7. Market Structures

   • Perfect Competition: Many buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, easy entry and exit.
   • Monopoly: Single seller, unique product, high barriers to entry.
   • Oligopoly: Few sellers, products can be differentiated or homogeneous, significant barriers to entry.
   • Monopolistic Competition: Many sellers, differentiated products, relatively easy entry and exit.

8. Externalities

   • Positive Externalities: Benefits to third parties not involved in the transaction (e.g., education).
   • Negative Externalities: Costs imposed on third parties not involved in the transaction (e.g., pollution).

9. Public Goods

   • Non-excludable and non-rivalrous goods that are provided by the government because they are not profitable for private firms (e.g., national defense).

Applications

• Market analysis: Understanding consumer choice and firm behavior.
• Policy implications: Assessing economic policies' impact on welfare, efficiency, and equity.

Conclusion

• Microeconomics provides insights into individual economic behavior, market dynamics, and policy implications through its rich framework of concepts and theories.

نظرة عامة على الاقتصاد الجزئي

• يركز الاقتصاد الجزئي على دراسة الوكلاء الاقتصاديين الفرديين، مثل المستهلكين والشركات، وتفاعلاتهم داخل الأسواق.
• يركز على العرض والطلب، والتسعير، وتخصيص الموارد.

المفاهيم الرئيسية

• الطلب:

  • قانون الطلب: مع زيادة سعر سلعة ما، تنخفض الكمية المطلوبة، والعكس صحيح.
  • العوامل المؤثرة على الطلب: مستويات الدخل، تفضيلات المستهلكين، أسعار السلع ذات الصلة (البدائل والمكملات)، والتوقعات بشأن أسعار المستقبل.

• العرض:

  • قانون العرض: مع زيادة سعر سلعة ما، تزداد الكمية المعروضة، والعكس صحيح.
  • العوامل المؤثرة على العرض: تكاليف الإنتاج، التكنولوجيا، عدد البائعين، والتوقعات بشأن أسعار المستقبل.

• اتزان السوق:

  • يحدث عندما تساوي الكمية المطلوبة الكمية المعروضة
  • يحدد سعر السوق ونوعية السلع المتبادلة.

• المرونة:

  • مرونة الطلب حسب السعر: تقيس استجابة الكمية المطلوبة لتغيير في السعر.
  • المرونة (>1): يتغير الطلب بشكل ملحوظ مع تغير الأسعار.
  • عدم المرونة (