نظم التشغيل - مقدمة وخصائص

Module Overview

• This module covers operating systems, focusing on Linux and other major systems.
• The exam objective includes understanding Linux evolution, popular operating systems, and the process of selecting an operating system.

Exam Objective 1.1

• The objective focuses on Linux evolution and popular operating systems.
• The objective description includes knowledge of Linux development and major distributions.

Exam Objective 4.1

• The objective focuses on choosing an operating system.
• The objective description includes knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributions.

Introduction to Operating Systems

• An operating system (OS) is software that controls computer hardware and software resources.
• It manages hardware and software components of the system.
• The operating system also schedules programs to run and provides services to users or programs (such as printing).

Operating System Structure

• Operating system sits between applications and hardware.
• It manages hardware and software resources.
• It schedules programs, running applications.
• It provides services to users, and programs (e.g., printing).

Operating System Types

• Users have choices among three major operating systems: Windows, macOS, and Linux.
• Microsoft Windows is based on proprietary code, not Unix or Linux.
• Apple macOS operates only on Apple hardware.
• Linux distributions are varied and selectable based on the user's needs

Linux Decision Points

• The role of the OS (desktop or server) is important in deciding which distribution to use.
• The function of the software and the skillsets of users also factor into choosing the OS.
• The life cycle and stability of the system, including its maintenance cycles for support and updates, influence the selection.
• Compatibility with prior software versions and other factors are also crucial considerations.
• Important to consider is the cost factor, which can vary across different systems.

Linux Distributions Examples (Red Hat)

• Red Hat focuses primarily on server applications such as web and file serving.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a stable distribution with extended release cycles.
• The company supports the Fedora Project, offering a personal/desktop environment with the latest software.
• CentOS is a free version of RHEL software, but lacks commercial support.
• Scientific Linux is a distribution based on Red Hat, catering to scientific applications.

Linux Distributions Examples (SUSE)

• SUSE is one of the earliest Linux distributions.
• It's based on Slackware and mostly sold as a server product, although a desktop version exists.
• OpenSUSE is a completely free and open version of SUSE with multiple desktop packages.

Linux Distributions Examples (Debian)

• Debian is a community effort focused on open-source software.
• It has its own package management system (apt) with a ".deb" file format.
• Ubuntu is a popular derived distribution with variants for desktop, server, and applications, and also offers a long-term support (LTS) version.
• Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu and has various free versions; some have license restrictions.

Other Linux Distribution Examples

• Raspbian is designed to run on Raspberry Pi hardware.
• Linux From Scratch (LFS) is an online book with source code and instructions to build a custom Linux distribution.
• Both are good learning tools.

Android

• Android is a mobile operating system supported by Google.
• Unlike traditional GNU/Linux packages, it's typically not used for desktop or server environments.