Questions and Answers
You arrive to find a 48 year old male complaining that his chest feels heavy. The patient is awake and talking to you. During your assessment, you note that his skin is pale, cool, and clammy. Your first step is to:
Which of the following is the correct flow of blood through the heart and lungs?
The mitral or bicuspid valve:
Which of the following is NOT true of the treatment of an impaled object?
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The electrical impulse generated in the right atrium is called the:
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You are treating a patient that has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. You can lift a flap of skin on the patient's head. This type of injury would be referred to as a(n):
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Ligaments connect:
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Which of the following heat emergencies is considered a true emergency?
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You are treating a patient who has overdosed on a narcotic. The greatest risk for this patient is:
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Which of the following is NOT an imminent sign that birthing is going to occur?
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Which of the following patient characteristics does NOT represent a potential for violence?
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There are hollow and solid organs in the abdomen. The gallbladder is considered a hollow organ. A ruptured hollow organ such as the gallbladder is most commonly associated with:
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A 29 year old male has taken LSD. The patient appears very anxious and in a panic state. He is showing signs of paranoia. You should:
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The most serious side effect of alcohol consumption is:
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You arrive on the scene of an incident where a 16 year old male fell approximately 12 feet. That would be considered:
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When assessing a 35 year old patient complaining she is short of breath, you note that her breathing is in excess of 28 times per minute. This is considered:
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You arrive on the scene of a patient who fell from a ladder. You should open the patient's airway by using:
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You arrive on the scene, finding an unconscious patient. There are no other individuals in the vicinity to give any other information or permission to treat the patient. Even though the patient cannot give you consent to treat him, you begin to do so because of:
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The AED is used to treat patients in:
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You arrive on the scene to discover a 65-year-old female lying on the floor of her living room. Your first step in the care of this patient is to:
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You arrive on the scene to find an unconscious patient about 14 years of age. Where would you assess for a pulse on this patient?
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The appropriate care for a patient with epistaxis is to:
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During your assessment of a patient's chest you note that the left side of the chest moves opposite to the right. This is called:
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A minute after a baby is born, the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute. You should:
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You arrive on the scene to find an unresponsive female patient who is in her car in the garage. The car is still running and the door is closed. Looking through an outside window, your next action would be to:
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When you listen to the lungs of an asthma patient you would expect to hear:
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Tidal volume is best defined as the:
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During transport of a patient with a head injury, what assessment factor will provide you with the most information regarding the patient's condition?
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Which of the following findings would be most significant during an assessment of a patient with a severe headache?
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Seizures in children most often are the result of:
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A 34-year-old woman, who is 36 weeks pregnant, is having a seizure. After you protect her airway and ensure adequate ventilation, you should transport her:
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Snoring respirations are most rapidly managed by:
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The scene size-up includes all of the following components, except:
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Which of the following actions should be carried out during the initial assessment?
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Firefighters have rescued a man from his burning house. He is conscious and in considerable respiratory distress. He has a brassy cough and singed nasal hairs. The most immediate threat to this patient's life is:
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Immediately upon delivery of a newborn's head, you should first:
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Which of the following conditions would most likely cause flushed skin?
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After a patient has a seizure, they will have a gradual state of awakening. This phase of a seizure is called:
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The process of losing heat through direct contact is called:
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You are called to assist a SCUBA diver who is having trouble breathing. The patient states that it started approximately 15 minutes after she surfaced. She complains of chest pain, dizziness, blurred vision, and nausea and vomiting. The patient is most likely suffering from:
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You are called to the home of a 20-year-old male who is depressed. The patient states he is going to kill himself. Your first step in treating this patient after the scene is safe is to:
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The patient is bleeding severely from the lower leg. You have applied direct pressure and elevated the leg. Your next step is to:
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When treating an eye injury involving an impaled object, it is important to:
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You have successfully converted your cardiac arrest patient out of v-fib with your AED. The patient has a pulse and respirations are 6 per minute. You should:
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Which of the following arrhythmias should be shocked using an AED?
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A soft-tissue injury that results in a flap of torn skin is referred to as:
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When is it most appropriate to clamp and cut the umbilical cord?
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You are treating a patient with a fractured femur. The most appropriate splint to use for this patient would be:
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Albuterol is a medication administered by:
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You arrive on the scene of a tanker truck carrying a hazardous material. You should position your vehicle:
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You are treating a 35 year old conscious choking victim. The patient suddenly goes unresponsive. Your next step is to:
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You are the triage officer at the scene of a mass casualty incident. Which of the following patients should be treated first?
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When treating children, all of the following are important considerations except:
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When establishing a landing zone for a medical helicopter, the minimum area secured should be:
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What should the patient do immediately?
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How do you distinguish that the patient has a pericardial tamponade?
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What should you do next for the patient with a productive cough, fever, and night sweats?
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What have you committed by leaving the patient in the hospital bed without proper care?
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Which artery do you typically assess on an infant?
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What signs and symptoms would you likely see in a patient suffering from anaphylactic shock?
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What should you do first if your hand is covered in blood during decontamination?
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What is the most common cause of suicide?
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What is your next step when arriving at the scene of a possible drowning?
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What is your first step in treating a patient bitten by fire ants?
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Which action should be taken when treating a patient with frostbite?
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Which of the following is one of the biggest side effects of suctioning?
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What are the signs and symptoms of shock in the early stages?
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Which pressure is considered narrowed?
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Which device would deliver 6 liters per minute of oxygen?
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What is the first line of defense against infectious diseases?
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Where does insulin production occur?
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What condition might a patient with shortness of breath and frothy sputum have?
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What do you suspect in a 2-year-old with a barking cough?
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What are the three main bones of the arm?
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Which is not considered a significant mechanism of injury for an adult?
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What should be done for a dislocated shoulder patient?
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What have you committed when attempting to take blood pressure from a patient that refuses to be touched?
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What do battle signs on an assessment indicate?
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What does a patient vomiting bright red blood likely indicate?
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What happens in the second stage of labor?
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What does 'kjpo' refer to?
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What does 'joj' refer to?
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Who is in charge of the overall scene during a mass casualty incident?
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What does a 4 in the blue portion of an NFPA diamond indicate?
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Where did you likely intubate incorrectly if breath sounds are only heard on one side?
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What should you do if vocal cords are difficult to visualize during intubation?
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Which medication should not be assisted by an EMT-B?
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What is not part of the history or secondary exam?
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When is capillary refill most useful?
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Which mnemonic assists in assessing a patient's chest pain?
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What should you not do when treating frostbite?
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Where are the kidneys located?
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What is the three-flap valve on the right side of the heart called?
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What is a late sign of shock?
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From which direction should you never approach a helicopter?
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When should EMTs wear HEPA respirators?
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What is your first action upon discovering a strong odor of natural gas at a patient's home?
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What is the most common electrical rhythm disturbance resulting in sudden cardiac arrest?
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What is the highest priority patient?
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Which body fluid has the most potential to transmit blood-borne diseases?
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Study Notes
Patient Assessment and Management
- For a patient with chest pain and pale, cool, clammy skin, administer supplemental oxygen immediately.
- During a cardiac assessment, blood flows through the heart as follows: inferior/superior vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.
- The mitral (bicuspid) valve prevents backflow into the left atrium.
- When dealing with an impaled object, stabilize it in place unless it's obstructing the airway.
Emergency Conditions and Responses
- Common heat emergencies include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, the latter being life-threatening.
- In narcotic overdose, the greatest risk is respiratory depression.
- For epistaxis (nosebleed), have the patient pinch the nostrils and lean forward.
Trauma and Injuries
- A flap of skin following an injury is considered an avulsion.
- In cases of chest trauma where chest movement is paradoxical, it indicates severe injury.
- Significant mechanism of injury in adults includes falls over 20 feet; for children, it is over 10 feet.
Maternal and Newborn Care
- For newborns with a heart rate below 60 bpm after birth, commence chest compressions.
- The umbilical cord should be clamped and cut once it stops pulsating.
Patient Conditions and Treatment Protocols
- In cases of severe headache, unilateral weakness is highly significant.
- Conduct a pulse check on an unconscious 14-year-old at the carotid artery.
- In an emergency, implied consent allows treatment if the patient is unable to consent.
General Emergency Treatment
- When a patient shows signs of anaphylactic shock, expect urticaria, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension.
- For a ventricular tachycardia patient in cardiac arrest, use an AED for treatment.
- Apply direct pressure and seek to control bleeding for severe injuries before considering a tourniquet.
Pediatric Considerations
- Children require special considerations for airway management and thermoregulation due to smaller anatomy.
- During transport, assess mental status to monitor a patient's neurological condition effectively.
Scene Safety and Preparedness
- When upon arrival at hazardous material scenes, position vehicles upstream and at least 2,000 feet away.
- Maintain scene safety and assess for assistance needs during initial size-up.
CPR and First Aid Protocols
- During CPR on an unresponsive choking victim, prioritize performing chest compressions.
- In victims of strokes, assess symptoms like facial drooping and slurred speech for timely intervention.
Environmental and Medical Risk Factors
- Blood-soaked equipment necessitates immediate decontamination to prevent infection or disease transmission.
- Recognize potential risks from psychological conditions, such as suicidal tendencies, requiring careful questioning to asses intent.
Conclusion
- Understanding these key medical protocols and responses prepares responders to take swift, effective action in various emergency scenarios, ensuring patient safety and care quality.### Infection Control and Safety
- Contacting the Infection Control Officer is crucial for ensuring proper health protocols are followed within medical environments.
- Regular hand washing with soap and water is the most common and effective method to prevent the spread of infections.
- Completing exposure control forms is essential for documenting and managing incidents of potential exposure to infectious agents.
- In emergencies, when immediate medical attention is required, going to the emergency department may be necessary.
Suicide and Mental Health
- Depression is the most common cause of suicide, highlighting the importance of mental health awareness and support.
Emergency Response Procedures
- In a drowning scenario, applying cervical and spinal immobilization is crucial if the patient is unconscious and being held at the water's surface.
- For fire ant bites, initial treatment should prioritize using an epi-injector if the patient shows signs of severe allergic reactions.
Frostbite and Treatment
- For frostbite, removing jewelry from the affected limb helps prevent complications due to swelling.
Airway Management
- Hypoxia is a major risk associated with suctioning a patient's airway, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring during the procedure.
- Early signs of shock include tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness, and cool, clammy skin.
Medical Terminology and Anatomy
- A narrowing of blood pressure is defined as a reading of 20 mmHg.
- For administering 6 liters per minute of oxygen, nasal cannula is the most appropriate choice.
- Hand washing serves as the first line of defense against infectious diseases.
Internal Organ Function
- Insulin is produced in the pancreas, a vital organ for metabolism and blood sugar regulation.
- Left-sided congestive heart failure can be suspected in patients with frothy sputum, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Pediatric Considerations
- A barking cough and cold-like symptoms in a 2-year-old might indicate croup, a common respiratory condition in children.
Anatomy of the Arm
- The three main bones of the arm are the humerus, ulna, and radius.
Mechanisms of Injury
- Falls greater than 10 feet are not classified as significant mechanisms of injury for adults.
Dislocation Treatment
- Sling and swathe stabilization is recommended for a suspected dislocated shoulder to avoid further injury.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
- Attempting to take blood pressure on a patient who refuses treatment may lead to battery, demonstrating the importance of consent in healthcare.
Injury Assessment
- Battle signs are indicative of a basilar skull fracture, often associated with head trauma.
Gastrointestinal Emergencies
- Bright red blood vomit, along with jaundice, suggests the presence of esophageal varices, requiring urgent medical management.
Stages of Labor
- The second stage of labor is when the baby is born.
Mass Casualty Incidents
- The incident commander holds overall responsibility in a mass casualty situation, coordinating all emergency services.
Hazard Assessment
- An NFPA diamond rating of 4 in the blue section indicates an extreme health hazard.
Intubation Techniques
- Suspecting the intubation in the right stem bronchus is crucial if breath sounds are only heard on the right side.
Secondary Exam Components
- Forming a general impression is not considered part of the history or secondary exam.
Pediatric Care
- Capillary refill is most useful in patients under six years of age, effective in assessing perfusion.
Patient Assessment Mnemonics
- The OPQRST mnemonic assists in evaluating a conscious patient’s current complaint, especially in chest pain scenarios.
Hypothermia and Frostbite Care
- Rubbing frostbitten skin can lead to further damage; proper care involves covering and protecting the area.
Kidney Location
- The kidneys are located in the upper abdominal quadrant, a critical aspect of human anatomy.
Cardiac Disturbances
- Ventricular fibrillation is the most common electrical disturbance causing sudden cardiac arrest, a key concept in emergency medicine.
Prioritizing Patients
- A patient with chest pain and a low blood pressure of 80 is considered the highest priority, necessitating immediate care.
Blood-Borne Diseases Transmission
- Amniotic fluid has the highest potential to transmit blood-borne diseases, stressing the need for careful handling in medical scenarios.
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Test your knowledge with these NREMT practice questions designed to prepare you for the exam. These flashcards cover essential emergency medical procedures and assessments crucial for patient care. Ideal for candidates looking to reinforce their understanding of real-world scenarios.