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What explains the makeup of the force shown in the image by 1917?

Russia's army morale and home-front effort were collapsing because of the strains of total war.

The unrest reflected in the image is best explained by which feature of the Russian government at the time of the photograph?

Autocratic Tsarist regime (correct)

Democratic reforms

Economic stability

Socialist policies

What was the significance of the events in Russia in the winter of 1917?

They started a process that eventually led to a communist revolution.

Why were Russian troops being mobilized against Austria-Hungary before the First World War?

Russia was acting in support of Serbia, facing an imminent Austro-Hungarian attack. Signup and view all the answers

What role did rival great power alliances play in bringing about the First World War?

They created tensions and conflicts that contributed to the outbreak of the war. Signup and view all the answers

What does Wilhelm II's assurance in the second paragraph indicate about the factors in the outbreak of the First World War?

Intense nationalism, fueled by mass media, often forced the hand of military and political leaders. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence of cultural exchange between East and West Africa during the First World War is cited by the author of Source 1?

Experiments in architecture and the gathering of souvenirs. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence does Source 1 NOT cite regarding European science and technology contributing to cultural change in Nigeria?

Gift gathering for women back home. Signup and view all the answers

What does Source 2 cite as evidence of a higher casualty rate among Senegalese soldiers in combat?

The casualty rate after July 1916. Signup and view all the answers

What situation in the historical context explains the author's demands in the second paragraph of the letter?

The Soviet government used the pretext of the ongoing civil war to engage in repressive policies. Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter's significance as a source suggest about popular attitudes to Bolshevik revolutionary policies?

Some Soviet citizens supported nationalization but urged seizing upper classes' private property. Signup and view all the answers

Considering the purpose of the letter, what is likely overstated?

The extent to which wealthy Russians continued to live exactly as they did before the revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is likely a significant purpose behind Yanaihara publishing his article in a Canadian journal?

To justify continued Japanese colonial rule of Korea to potentially hostile Western states. Signup and view all the answers

What does the long-term historical significance of Yanaihara's views show?

Some members of the Japanese elite sought to justify aggressive colonial efforts. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about Canada in the early twentieth century would help explain why Yanaihara's claims regarding Korea might be well received?

Canada's economy grew under British rule, and troops helped defend colonial territories. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the late 1930s, what do Hitler's arguments explain?

How imperialist aspirations motivated fascist state policies. Signup and view all the answers

What significance does Hitler's point of view in the first three paragraphs have?

It helps explain how the Treaty of Versailles contributed to starting the Second World War. Signup and view all the answers

What was Hitler's most significant motivation for giving his speech?

To reinforce the idea that past injustices required military buildup and expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What would best support Schama's argument about Churchill's speeches in Britain's war effort?

New mass media such as radio expanded the reach of mobilization efforts. Signup and view all the answers

Why does Schama claim that the British government did not have to apply undue pressure?

To support his argument that Britons were fully mobilized for the war effort. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement could modify Schama's argument about British social cohesiveness during the war?

The Indian National Congress continued anti-imperialist agitation, launching the Quit India campaign in 1942. Signup and view all the answers

What best explains the similarity between Hutu views of the Tutsi and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany?

Both groups were persecuted based on ethnic prejudice. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Hutu Ten Commandments' part of in twentieth-century history?

Extremist groups using propaganda to target specific minority populations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains how attitudes in the 'Hutu Ten Commandments' react to past developments in Rwandan history?

The Tutsi were favored under European colonial rule, while the Hutu were not. Signup and view all the answers

What ideology does the image and its caption provide evidence for?

Social Darwinism. Signup and view all the answers

How might a historian explain the image and its caption in the context of European imperialism?

They provide evidence of how France sought to justify its colonial policies. Signup and view all the answers

What major change is evidenced by the ideas of European superiority expressed in the late nineteenth century?

Combining old cultural prejudice with 'scientific' ideas of human differences. Signup and view all the answers

Which empire's decline explains Japanese expansion in the late nineteenth century?

The Qing Empire. Signup and view all the answers

In addition to Japan, which non-European state created an empire in the Asia-Pacific region in the late nineteenth century?

The United States. Signup and view all the answers

What does Witbooi's claim to rule the Nama lands illustrate?

Interethnic conflicts in Africa led to political fragmentation and limited resistance to imperialism. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Witbooi's perspective significant in illustrating African resistance?

It shows resistance to preserve traditional political structures threatened by European expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What does Witbooi's statement about being killed in the process of resistance illustrate?

Africans understood the low probability of successful armed resistance due to European military advantages. Signup and view all the answers

What processes do the British and French claims over the Niger River region in the 1890s relate to?

The European 'scramble' to acquire territories in Africa. Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does the British Royal Niger Company hope to serve through Lugard's voyage?

To expand exports of African raw materials and imports of European finished goods. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of West African history best explains the board's instructions to Lugard?

West Africa was becoming a source of important raw materials for Europe's industrializing economies. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of nineteenth-century global context do economic statistics cited by Wesseling illustrate?

The role of British imperial policy in reversing the development of Indian textile manufacturing. Signup and view all the answers

What important distinction does Wesseling's argument illustrate within nineteenth-century imperialism?

The difference between the economic effects of direct and indirect imperialism. Signup and view all the answers

What process led to difficulties in protecting indigenous industries from Western competition?

The imposition of free-trade regimes through military or diplomatic pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Marxist critique of capitalism is useful for understanding the author's invocation of Karl Marx?

Many Marxists criticized imperialism for arresting economic development in colonies. Signup and view all the answers

What best explains why nonindustrialized regions had the majority of migrants in the nineteenth century?

They experienced large population increases that made local jobs scarce. Signup and view all the answers

What explains the significant increase in transoceanic migration during the nineteenth century?

The development of steam-powered ships made it safer to cross oceans. Signup and view all the answers

What explains a difference between European and South Asian migration during the nineteenth century?

South Asian migrants often served as indentured laborers. Signup and view all the answers

What short-term effect did Indian migrations to the Caribbean have?

The creation of Indian ethnic enclaves in Caribbean societies. Signup and view all the answers

What social or political change did migrations contributing to the demographic situation in India lead to?

An increase in the number of Indian women engaging in occupations formerly held by men. Signup and view all the answers

What explains the somewhat better reception of Asian migrants compared to others?

Due to ethnic and religious diversity, there was no prejudice against newcomers. Signup and view all the answers

What similarity existed between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century?

Both were attracted by employment opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

Which event would likely produce a cultural context similar to the scramble for Africa?

The scramble for Africa itself. Signup and view all the answers

What inference does the photograph provide about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880s?

Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians. Signup and view all the answers

What do the changes in the distribution of cities from 1800 to 1900 illustrate?

The impact of the Industrial Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa does the photograph illustrate?

European states imposing their culture to spread their values. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major unintended effect of the publication of Darwin's work On the Origin of Species?

It became the basis for theories asserting European superiority. Signup and view all the answers

What motivation was behind the policy outlined in the passage?

The British wished to extract more raw materials for their domestic industry. Signup and view all the answers

What had contributed most directly to European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies?

Attitudes expressed in the late 1800s. Signup and view all the answers

Which country or region led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700?

India. Signup and view all the answers

What do the differences in clove prices in Southeast Asia and Amsterdam support?

Imperialism benefited European merchants while causing economic decline for Asian producers. Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century?

An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period. Signup and view all the answers

What late-nineteenth-century development can be linked to Stanley's vision of the Congo River basin?

Economic imperialism. Signup and view all the answers

What ideology was Social Darwinism used to justify during the nineteenth century?

British colonization of India. Signup and view all the answers

What arguments did Social Darwinists make in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes. Signup and view all the answers

What primary message is conveyed by the engraving of Japanese currency during the Meiji period?

The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power. Signup and view all the answers

What best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878?

This aspect requires additional context to explain the demographic shifts. Signup and view all the answers

What was the increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations?

The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?

Increased use of slave labor within Africa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century?

China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe Signup and view all the answers

What was the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880?

Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world?

Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil Signup and view all the answers

The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate most directly led to which political development in the Islamic world in the thirteenth century?

The rise of Turkic states Signup and view all the answers

Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, what primarily helped Islam to continue spreading across Afro-Eurasia from 1200-1450?

The activities of Sufi missionaries Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the combination of religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state's concept of rulership?

The caliph was the supreme religious and political leader Signup and view all the answers

What can be claimed about the statues of Buddhist divine figures in the first paragraph of the inscription?

They could spiritually benefit everyone Signup and view all the answers

The claim that the king has become 'free from all physical desire' means what in Vedic religions?

Rejecting worldly concerns for spiritual perfection is a virtue Signup and view all the answers

Which argument about King Adityawarman is made in the second paragraph of the inscription?

His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful ruler Signup and view all the answers

What piece of evidence supports the author's conclusion about the importance of exotic goods to the Maya region's economy?

Exotic goods were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands Signup and view all the answers

Which piece of evidence does the author NOT use to support the argument about the relationship between exotic goods and Maya rulers?

Exotic goods were only for common people Signup and view all the answers

What argument is cited as supporting the importance of exotic goods in the third paragraph about the Maya region?

Unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion Signup and view all the answers

What continuity in the development of African states circa 1200-1450 is highlighted?

Some African states maintained contacts with the broader world Signup and view all the answers

What likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia during 1200-1450?

Religious traditions were influenced by earlier cultural transfers Signup and view all the answers

What was a key similarity in the policies of rulers of African states like Ethiopia around 1200-1450?

They utilized religion and laws to strengthen legitimacy Signup and view all the answers

What influenced the terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree?

The influence of Christianity on medieval society Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of 'consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm' in Edward III's decree reflect?

The fragmented nature of European feudal monarchies Signup and view all the answers

What led to the need for legal action regarding 'grave inconveniences' from labor shortages?

The reliance on coerced labor in agrarian economies Signup and view all the answers

Césaire's statement above was likely in response to what?

Claims of improvement in colonies under European rule Signup and view all the answers

Stanley's description of the Congo's riches can be seen as an attempt to:

Promote European expansion in the Congo Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, the author would likely have agreed that:

Britain's colonial endeavors contributed to human progress Signup and view all the answers

Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire?

Japan Signup and view all the answers

What does the gender makeup of migrants in the second paragraph help explain about social changes in home societies?

Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men Signup and view all the answers

How were Darwin's theories interpreted by Social Darwinists?

To indicate that select human groups would dominate those less fit Signup and view all the answers

What concept is most supported by the sentiments expressed in the quotation?

Imperialism Signup and view all the answers

Why are the arguments expressed in the passage significant?

They explain why social divisions hindered anticolonial movements Signup and view all the answers

What type of sources would a historian researching the rise of industrial production find most helpful?

Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas Signup and view all the answers

How can 'extraterritoriality' best be described?

Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country they live in Signup and view all the answers

In interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage, a historian would argue they are best understood in the context of what?

The importance of raw materials to industrial economies Signup and view all the answers

Based on Image 1, what view of China did the painter most likely hold?

China was behind Europe in cultural and scientific development Signup and view all the answers

What influence is illustrated by the quotation from the early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary?

Social Darwinism Signup and view all the answers

Before 1870, how was the European presence in Africa characterized?

Coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements Signup and view all the answers

In Poem 1, sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of what?

The British failure to provide mass education in India Signup and view all the answers

What evidence is presented in the second paragraph regarding the condition of the Crimean Tatars?

The concept of the civilizing mission Signup and view all the answers

How can the excerpt above be best described?

A liberal nationalist response to colonialism Signup and view all the answers

What source would a historian researching international migration patterns of the nineteenth century find most useful?

Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing birthplaces Signup and view all the answers

In the passage above, what is Lin Zexu asking the British to do?

Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China Signup and view all the answers

During the nineteenth century, what western technology did Asian and African rulers usually desire most?

Weapons Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Russian Revolution and World War I

By 1917, Russian army morale was collapsing due to total war strains.
The autocratic Tsarist regime was unresponsive to reform calls, leading to unrest.
Events in Russia during winter 1917 initiated a process culminating in a communist revolution.
Russia mobilized troops against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia after Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination.

Rise of Nationalism and War Alliances

Rival great power alliances helped bring about the First World War.
Wilhelm II's diplomatic assurances highlighted intense nationalism's influence on military politics.
Misinformation and propaganda significantly contributed to growing nationalistic sentiments.

Cultural Exchange During WWI

Cultural exchanges occurred between East and West Africa, evidenced by architecture and souvenirs.
European science and technology influenced cultural changes in Nigeria, but not through women's gift gathering.

Impact of Civil War in Russia

The Soviet government used the civil war as a justification for repressive policies against specific populations.
Some Soviet citizens supported Bolshevik policies, advocating for the nationalization of industrial properties but not private properties of the upper class.

Colonial Perspectives and Justifications

Yanaihara's article aimed to justify Japanese colonial rule in Korea to Western states.
Post-colonial justifications by Japanese elites reflected aggression towards China and the Pacific.
Canada's economic growth and involvement in the British Empire’s conflicts showed parallels to Yanaihara’s perceptions.

Hitler and Fascism's Motivations

Hitler's arguments in the late 1930s reveal how imperialism motivated fascist policies.
The Treaty of Versailles’ provisions significantly contributed to the initiation of World War II.
Resistance perpetuated by perceived past injustices drove Germany’s military expansion.

Media Influence During Wartime

The use of mass media, like radio, expanded government mobilization efforts in Britain.
Schama argued that there was an overwhelming mobilization for the war effort, though some contradictions existed regarding local responses, particularly in India.

Ethnic Prejudice and Propaganda

The "Hutu Ten Commandments" showcases the targeting of minorities through propaganda, similar to the persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany.
Historical context reveals the Tutsi's preferential treatment under colonial rule fueled Hutu animosity.

Social Darwinism justified European imperialism, framing colonial efforts as part of a civilizing mission.
The late nineteenth century saw unprecedented territorial expansion by European powers.
Industrial demands led to significant changes, including shifts in cotton production from India due to imperial policies.

Migration Patterns and Economic Shifts

Increased population in nonindustrialized regions resulted in significant migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Steam-powered ships facilitated a growth in transoceanic migration, contrasting experiences of European and South Asian migrants.
Indian migrations to the Caribbean resulted in ethnic enclaves and changes in gendered labor roles in India.

Economic Dependencies and Backlashes

Post-slave trade adaptations in Africa led to increased local slave labor.
Coffee cultivation introduced dependency on foreign markets in regions like Kenya and El Salvador.
The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate gave rise to Turkic states and facilitated the continued spread of Islam through Sufi missionaries.

Religious and Political Dynamics in Islam

The Abbasid state combined religious authority with political leadership, headed by a caliph with supreme power over both spheres.### Spirituality and Leadership
King Adityawarman is described as "free from all physical desire," highlighting Vedic beliefs that spiritual perfection entails the rejection of worldly concerns.
His combination of spiritual virtues and worldly successes solidified his status as a legitimate and powerful ruler.

Economic Impact of Exotic Goods

In the Maya economy, exotic goods were traded over extensive distances, underscoring their economic significance.
Maya rulers' authority was closely tied to the possession of exotic goods, with evidence suggesting they did not restrict certain luxury items exclusively to themselves, unlike some other cultures.
The author notes the unified cultural behaviors in warfare, science, and religion as indicators of the importance of exotic goods within the Maya society.

African States from 1200-1450

African states maintained diplomatic and cultural ties with the broader Afro-Eurasian world despite geographical challenges.
Ethiopia's prevalence of Christianity can be attributed to earlier cultural influences that shaped its religious landscape.
Rulers in African states, including Ethiopia, solidified their legitimacy through religious associations and laws.

European Political Structure

The terminology in decrees reflects the strong influence of Christianity in medieval European culture.
Edward III's consultation with nobles and clergy illustrates the decentralized and fragmented nature of feudalism in Europe.
Labor shortages in medieval economies prompted legal actions due to their reliance on coerced labor systems.

Colonial Perspectives and Reactions

Césaire's remarks challenge the narrative that European colonial rule improved life in colonized regions.
Stanley positioned European expansion in the Congo within the broader context of imperial ventures that yielded significant returns.
The author contends that Britain's colonial rule in Africa contributed to progress, illustrating a Eurocentric view.

Industrialization and Migration

Japan emerged as a notable industrializing state that established an empire between 1750 and 1900.
Gender dynamics shifted in home societies during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as women assumed roles previously held by men due to migration patterns.
Social Darwinism's misapplication suggested that certain human groups would dominate lesser-fit populations, reflecting imperialist ideologies.

Social divides within colonial societies often obstructed anti-colonial movements, complicating efforts to resist imperial rule.
Historians exploring industrial production's rise would benefit from migration data indicating urbanization trends.

Legal and Political Contexts

"Extraterritoriality" refers to the legal exemption granted to foreigners from local laws in their host countries.
Policies aimed at securing raw materials reveal their pivotal role in developing industrial economies.

Cultural Perceptions

A painter’s depiction indicates a belief that China lagged behind Europe in cultural and scientific advancements.
Social Darwinism influenced early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary sentiments against colonial oppression.

European Presence in Africa

Prior to 1870, European activity in Africa was largely limited to coastal trade enclaves and minimal settlements.
The British reluctance to provide education in India stemmed from fears of fostering resistance against colonial rule.

Indigenous Experiences

The condition of the Crimean Tatars serves as evidence of the civilizing mission ideology prevalent in colonial discourse.
Lin Zexu's appeal to the British underscores calls for banning the opium trade in China, reflecting significant issues around addiction and colonial trade practices.

Western Technology Desire

During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers predominantly sought the transfer of Western weapon technologies, indicating the military motivations behind their interests in Western advancements.

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