North and Latin America

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Questions and Answers

What significant factor distinguishes Latin America's societal structure from that of Anglo-America?

  • Skin color plays a less significant role in social mobility in Latin America. (correct)
  • Anglo-America has a more diverse ethnic composition.
  • Latin America's history has resulted in more equitable distribution of power.
  • Social elites in Latin America primarily originate from indigenous populations.

What role did the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) play in redefining Mexico's identity?

  • It solidified Mexico's status as part of Latin America, distancing it from North America.
  • It led to increased trade tariffs between Mexico, the U.S., and Canada, isolating Mexico economically.
  • It contributed to Mexico's perception, both internally and externally, as part of North America. (correct)
  • It had no impact on how Mexicans or North Americans perceived Mexico's continental affiliation.

Why has Latin America historically experienced significant social inequality, influencing political dynamics?

  • Extreme social disparities made it a fertile ground for revolutionary movements. (correct)
  • A homogeneous society has enabled authoritarian regimes to suppress dissent effectively.
  • Limited natural resources have increased power for the few who control them.
  • It has a large middle class and a small lower class.

How did European colonizers transform agricultural practices in Latin America?

<p>They introduced haciendas and plantations, altering landscapes and introducing social and environmental problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the implementation of European settlement systems impact indigenous populations?

<p>Indigenous people were relocated to newly established villages and towns modeled after European designs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way has the influence of the United States in Latin America shifted in recent years?

<p>The U.S. influence has diminished due to resistance from Latin American countries and the rise of China. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the growth of 'maquiladoras' impact disparities within Mexico?

<p>They increased developmental disparities between northern and southern Mexico. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the economic blockade by the U.S. have on Cuba?

<p>It contributed to a low standard of living for most Cubans but did not topple the regime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic defines Latin America's ethnic composition?

<p>A blend of indigenous, European, African, and Asian peoples resulting in distinct Latin American traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are creole languages particularly prevalent in the Caribbean Islands?

<p>They evolved as simplified forms of European colonizers' languages for communication with enslaved Africans and other non-European populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a shared characteristic across various military juntas that assumed power in Latin America during the 20th century?

<p>Alignment with land owners, foreign entities, and the US to suppress leftist movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have indigenous communities in nations like Bolivia shifted their effect on political power dynamics?

<p>By transforming demographic majority into effective political influence and representation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes haciendas from plantations in Latin America?

<p>Haciendas relied on indigenous labor while plantations relied on imported enslaved labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental issue has significantly worsened because of climate change in the Andean region?

<p>Reduction in glacial mass affecting water resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do Latin American cities face due to rapid urbanization?

<p>Concentration of growth in limited metropolitan areas and inadequate infrastructure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can describing the term 'Latin America' be problematic, and thus, generate debate?

<p>It excludes regions with dominant indigenous languages and distinct cultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did European colonizers introduce enslaved Africans into Latin America?

<p>To provide labor for intensive export agriculture after declines in the indigenous population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways has the Columbian Exchange shaped agriculture production and consumption, globally?

<p>The exchange has drastically changed farming and eating habits by introducing new crops and animals across continents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is coastal farming more common in Latin American countries than the practice of keeping the farms confined to one property?

<p>Because the plantation farming has increased in the coastal areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Divisions of America

The Americas are divided into North and South America, or into Angloamerica and Latin America based on language and heritage.

Columbian Exchange

The term for the exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas after Columbus's voyage.

Haciendas

Large estates in the interior of Latin America that are extensive and use local labor, owned by Europeans for prestige rather than profit.

Plantations

Coastal farms in Latin America focusing on intensive export crop production with slave labor.

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Demographic Catastrophe

A demographic disaster where the indigenous population declined >90% in 150 years due to diseases brought by Europeans.

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Mestizaje

A blending of elements from different cultures (European, indigenous, African) to form a unique society in Latin America.

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Latin linguistic influence

Spanish and Portuguese are the primary/official languages but are not common in some areas.

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South American Surface

South America consists of the Andes Mountains, highlands, and lowlands.

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Slash and Burn

Deforestation done by using fire to clear tropical rainforest and release nutrients to help the soil.

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Vertical Zones

In the Americas, there are a vertical zones of vegetation from hot near the coasts up to cold at the highest mountain peaks.

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TIERRA TEMPLADA

A zone with warm areas, good rainfall, and coffee and corn crops.

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Catholicism

The region is known for strong links to the church and the pope due to about 40% of the world's catholics residing there.

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Foreign Exchange

Trade with others, most notably China, Japan, Asia, and EU.

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Maquiladoras

Large scale businesses that take advantage of economic trade laws to increase profits.

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Tax Havens

Special territories who don't collect profit income from their land (taxes).

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Drug Influence

There is heavy drug trades happening that influence political figures from organized crime syndicates.

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Standard Living

An increase in revenue that causes the standard of living to improve for others.

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Cactus in Mexico

A common vegetation type for a dry area that is known to be in Mexico.

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At Risk Zones

The areas that are at most risk to deadly storms and hurricanes.

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Study Notes

  • Amerika je prostorsko sklenjena celina, običajno deljena na dve (Severna in Južna) ali tri enote (Severna, Srednja in Južna).
  • V Sloveniji se Severna Amerika nanaša na ZDA in Kanado, vključno z Grenlandijo, znana tudi kot Angloamerika zaradi anglosaških priseljencev.
  • Latinska Amerika zajema ozemlje južno od meje med ZDA in Mehiko, imenovano po španskem in portugalskem jeziku.
  • Zaradi novih latinskoameriških priseljencev v ZDA in Kanado se jezikovna podoba Angloamerike spreminja.
  • Podpis Severnoameriškega sporazuma o prosti trgovini (NAFTA), ki je vključeval Mehiko, je spremenil nekdanje delitve sveta.
  • Latinska Amerika se razprostira daleč najdlje v smeri sever-jug in vključuje različne tipe podnebja in rastlinstva.
  • Za gospodarski razvoj Latinske Amerike so pomembni njeni naravni viri, vključno s tropskimi deževnimi gozdovi, rudami in energijskimi viri.
  • Družbena podoba Latinske Amerike ni zrcalo ugodnih naravnih možnosti, vseeno pa je velika etnična raznolikost.
  • Staroselsko prebivalstvo se je začelo čedalje bolj ozaveščati glede svoje vloge in pravic.
  • Kolumbovo »odkritje« Amerike je spremenilo zgodovino človeštva in kmalu sprevrglo v začetek kolonialnega osvajanja sveta.
  • Prodor španskih konkvistadorjev dojemajo predvsem kot uničenje tamkajšnjih staroselskih civilizacij in nasilno podjarmljenje njihovega prebivalstva.
  • Posledica stika dveh svetov je bila demografska katastrofa, zaradi ošpic, gripe in drugih nalezljivih bolezni, ki so jih prinesli Evropejci.
  • Prišlo je do velike svetovne izmenjave kulturnih rastlin in domačih živali, za katero nekateri uporabljajo izraz »kolumbovska izmenjava«.
  • Evropski osvajalci so uvedli dva tipa velikih kmetijskih posestev, haciende in plantaže.
  • Latinska Amerika je bila tisti del sveta, v katerem so Evropejci najprej uvedli kolonialno gospodarstvo.
  • Španci so hoteli osvojenim ozemljem dati domač videz in zato uvedli svoj naselbinski sistem.
  • Kvinoja zmanjšuje tveganje za razvoj različnih civilizacijskih bolezni.
  • Staroselski jeziki v glavnem nimajo statusa uradnih jezikov, se pa marsikje uporabljajo kot pogovorni jeziki.
  • V zadnjih letih se je povečeval delež protestantov, še posebej v Srednji Ameriki in Braziliji.
  • Vpliv ZDA se je v zadnjih letih precej zmanjšal.
  • V drugem desetletju 21. stoletja je latinskoameriško gospodarstvo v povprečju doživljalo precejšnjo rast.
  • Upočasnjevanje gospodarske rasti na Kitajskem po letu 2015 in posledično zmanjšanje njenega povpraševanja po surovinah so močno občutili tudi v Latinski Ameriki.
  • Največ vztrajnosti je izkazala skupnost MERCOSUR, ki je na začetku vključevala države z juga Južne Amerike z Brazilijo in Argentino na čelu.
  • Leta 2011 so Čile, Peru, Kolumbija in Mehika ustanovili Pacifiško zvezo.
  • K temu zmanjšanju prepada med revnimi in bogatimi v Latinski Ameriki ni pripomogla le nagla gospodarska rast.
  • Med prvimi na svetu so v Curitibi uvedli integrirani hitri avtobusni prevoz.
  • Eden največjih in najtežje rešljivih problemov Latinske Amerike je vsesplošna korupcija, ki sega v vse pore družbe.
  • Ker se v zvezi z drogo obračajo neznanske vsote denarja, mamilarske združbe (karteli) uspešno podkupujejo ali ustrahujejo policijo, sodstvo in drž. voditelje.
  • Latinska Amerika je tako najbolj urbanizirani del gospodarsko manj razvitega sveta.
  • Srednja Amerika je v naravnem kot v družbenem pogledu nekakšno prehodno območje med Severno in Južno Ameriko.

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