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Questions and Answers
What is assessed by the kappa statistic?
What is assessed by the kappa statistic?
Which formula estimates the correlations between the two halves of a test if each half had been the length of the whole test?
Which formula estimates the correlations between the two halves of a test if each half had been the length of the whole test?
What does the odd-even system of dividing a test assess?
What does the odd-even system of dividing a test assess?
Which statistic confirms substantial reliability in case the two halves of a test have unequal variances?
Which statistic confirms substantial reliability in case the two halves of a test have unequal variances?
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What does the Kuder-Richardson 20 Formula measure?
What does the Kuder-Richardson 20 Formula measure?
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Which type of correlation is assessed by Cronbach’s coefficient alpha?
Which type of correlation is assessed by Cronbach’s coefficient alpha?
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What factor can sway the outcome of psychological testing, according to the text?
What factor can sway the outcome of psychological testing, according to the text?
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In what situation is flexibility in standardized testing procedures considered desirable or necessary?
In what situation is flexibility in standardized testing procedures considered desirable or necessary?
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What can impairments in hearing, vision, speech, or motor control do during psychological testing?
What can impairments in hearing, vision, speech, or motor control do during psychological testing?
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What is a common pitfall mentioned in the text regarding psychological assessment students or novices?
What is a common pitfall mentioned in the text regarding psychological assessment students or novices?
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Why is it important to adhere to standardized testing procedures during psychological assessments?
Why is it important to adhere to standardized testing procedures during psychological assessments?
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What can alter the meaning of test results and render them invalid, according to the text?
What can alter the meaning of test results and render them invalid, according to the text?
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What is the main difference between a client-centered interview and a behavioral interview?
What is the main difference between a client-centered interview and a behavioral interview?
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What is the primary goal of a diagnostic interview?
What is the primary goal of a diagnostic interview?
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What characterizes structured clinical interviews?
What characterizes structured clinical interviews?
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What major systems of psychiatric functioning are assessed in the Mental Status Examination?
What major systems of psychiatric functioning are assessed in the Mental Status Examination?
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Which assessment tool focuses on the presence or absence of cognitive impairment?
Which assessment tool focuses on the presence or absence of cognitive impairment?
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What does Koppitz suggest is a possible indication of problems with socioemotional functioning?
What does Koppitz suggest is a possible indication of problems with socioemotional functioning?
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What do breasts in a drawing symbolize?
What do breasts in a drawing symbolize?
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What is the significance of a tiny head in a drawing according to the text?
What is the significance of a tiny head in a drawing according to the text?
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What does a slanting figure, tilted by 15 degrees or more, indicate according to the text?
What does a slanting figure, tilted by 15 degrees or more, indicate according to the text?
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In terms of drawings, what do crossed eyes represent according to the text?
In terms of drawings, what do crossed eyes represent according to the text?
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What is the significance of shading hands and/or neck in a drawing, based on the text?
What is the significance of shading hands and/or neck in a drawing, based on the text?
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Which process involves administering a test to a representative sample of test takers for the purpose of establishing norms?
Which process involves administering a test to a representative sample of test takers for the purpose of establishing norms?
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What type of sampling method is based on common sense or ease but still maintains representativeness and avoids bias?
What type of sampling method is based on common sense or ease but still maintains representativeness and avoids bias?
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What type of norms involve having different normative groups for particular age groups?
What type of norms involve having different normative groups for particular age groups?
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What does Classical Test Score Theory assume about each person's true score?
What does Classical Test Score Theory assume about each person's true score?
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Which process involves deriving norms and may be modified to describe a particular type of norm derivation?
Which process involves deriving norms and may be modified to describe a particular type of norm derivation?
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Why is it important to determine how a test taker compares with others when establishing norms for a test?
Why is it important to determine how a test taker compares with others when establishing norms for a test?
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Study Notes
Inter-Rater Reliability
- A measure has good inter-rater reliability if it yields identical ratings among several raters using nominal scales.
- The kappa statistic is used to assess the level of agreement among raters.
Internal Consistency
- It measures the degree to which each test item measures the same construct.
- It is the intercorrelations among the items.
- If all items on a test measure the same construct, then it has good internal consistency.
- Formulae used to measure internal consistency: Spearman-Brown, Kuder-Richardson, and Cronbach’s alpha.
Formulae for Internal Consistency
- Spearman-Brown Formula: estimates the correlations between the two halves of a test if each half had been the length of the whole test and had equal variances.
- Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: confirms that a test has substantial reliability in case the two halves of a test have unequal variances.
- Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR20) Formula: used for calculating the reliability of a test in which the items are dichotomous or scored as 0 or 1.
Validity of Test Results
- Test results can be affected by extraneous factors such as non-standardized administration, inexperienced examiner, noisy testing room, scared examinee, or careless scoring.
- Standardized procedures in test administration are essential to ensure reliable test results.
Clinical Interviewing
- Client-centered interview: nondirective and unstructured, behaviors are brought about by choice and self-change.
- Behavioral interview: directive and structured, environment or external conditions are the causes of behavior.
- Diagnostic interview: to develop a specific diagnosis based on the DSM-IVTR, DSM-V, or ICD-10.
- Informal or exploratory interview: to assess a person’s socioemotional functioning, coping styles, social support, etc.
Types of Clinical Interviews
- Structured Clinical Interviews: specific sets of questions are presented in a particular order, e.g. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and Child Assessment Schedule (CAS).
- Mental Status Examination: reviews the major systems of psychiatric functioning, assessing domains such as appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought processes, thought content, perceptions, cognition, insight, and judgment.
- Mini Mental Status Exam: a 30-point questionnaire used to assess the presence or absence of cognitive impairment.
Draw-A-Person (DAP) Test
- Stance: indicates concern regarding the need to control threatening impulses, degree of security the person feels in their environment.
- Emotional Indications: power and strength, power strivings, left shoulder has feminine indications while right shoulder has male indications.
- Koppitz's indications of problems with socioemotional functioning:
- Poor integration of parts or figures
- Shading of face
- Shading of body and/or limbs
- Shading of hands and/or neck
- Gross asymmetry of limbs
- Slanting figure, axis of figure tilted by 15 degrees or more
- Tiny figure, two inches or less
- Big figure, nine inches or more
- Transparencies
- Tiny head, less than 1/10th of the total figure
- Crossed eyes, both eyes turn in or out
Norming and Standardization
- Norming: the process of deriving norms, may be modified to describe a particular type of norm derivation.
- Standardization: the process of administering a test to a representative sample of test takers for the purpose of establishing norms.
Sampling to Develop Norms
- Probability sampling: the entire population is known, each individual has a specifiable probability of selection, and sampling occurs by a random process based on probabilities.
- Non-probability sampling: the population is not completely known, individual probabilities cannot be known, and the sampling method is based on common sense or ease but still maintains representativeness and avoids bias.
Age-Related Norms
- Certain tests have different normative groups for particular age groups, e.g. most IQ tests.
- Agerelated norms are used when the norms of a particular age group cannot be used on a younger or older age group.
Classical Test Score Theory
- Assumes that each person has a true score that would be obtained if there were no errors in measurement.
- Measuring instruments are imperfect, therefore the observed score for each person almost always differs from the person’s true ability or characteristic.
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Description
Learn about the processes of norming and standardization in test development, as well as the importance of sampling methods. Understand how norms are derived and how tests are administered to establish norms.
