Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a property of a normal distribution?
Which of the following is NOT a property of a normal distribution?
- The curve always touches the x-axis. (correct)
- The curve is bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean.
- The mean, median, and mode are equal.
- The total area under the curve is equal to 1.
What does the standard deviation of a normal distribution determine?
What does the standard deviation of a normal distribution determine?
- Whether the distribution is symmetric.
- The location of the center of the distribution.
- The total area under the curve.
- The height and width of the curve. (correct)
What is the primary purpose of standardizing a normal distribution?
What is the primary purpose of standardizing a normal distribution?
- To make the mean equal to the standard deviation.
- To easily compare different normal distributions. (correct)
- To change the shape of the distribution from bell-shaped to uniform.
- To ensure the total area under the curve is greater than 1.
What are the mean and standard deviation of the standard normal distribution, respectively?
What are the mean and standard deviation of the standard normal distribution, respectively?
If a normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, what value is one standard deviation above the mean?
If a normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, what value is one standard deviation above the mean?
What is the z-score formula used for?
What is the z-score formula used for?
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
Which of the following statements is true about the cumulative area under the standard normal curve?
Which of the following statements is true about the cumulative area under the standard normal curve?
When using a standard normal table, what does the value at the intersection of a row and column represent?
When using a standard normal table, what does the value at the intersection of a row and column represent?
What is the purpose of inflection points on a normal distribution curve?
What is the purpose of inflection points on a normal distribution curve?
A shoe manufacturer wants to determine the most common shoe size for women. Which statistical distribution would be most helpful in this case?
A shoe manufacturer wants to determine the most common shoe size for women. Which statistical distribution would be most helpful in this case?
What happens to the shape of a normal distribution curve when the standard deviation increases?
What happens to the shape of a normal distribution curve when the standard deviation increases?
How does a normal curve's graph shift when the mean changes?
How does a normal curve's graph shift when the mean changes?
What is the probability density function (pdf) used for in the context of continuous probability distributions?
What is the probability density function (pdf) used for in the context of continuous probability distributions?
If a student scores in the 84th percentile on a normally distributed test, approximately how many standard deviations above the mean is their score?
If a student scores in the 84th percentile on a normally distributed test, approximately how many standard deviations above the mean is their score?
Which of the following real-world examples typically follows a normal distribution pattern?
Which of the following real-world examples typically follows a normal distribution pattern?
Given a normal distribution, if a data point has a z-score of 0, what does this indicate?
Given a normal distribution, if a data point has a z-score of 0, what does this indicate?
When transforming a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution, what values do the mean and standard deviation take, respectively?
When transforming a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution, what values do the mean and standard deviation take, respectively?
If the area under the normal curve to the left of z = 1.96 is approximately 0.975, what does this imply?
If the area under the normal curve to the left of z = 1.96 is approximately 0.975, what does this imply?
For a normal distribution, what is the relationship between the mean, median, and mode?
For a normal distribution, what is the relationship between the mean, median, and mode?
What value does the total area under a normal distribution curve always equal?
What value does the total area under a normal distribution curve always equal?
Under what condition is the normal distribution bell-shaped and symmetric?
Under what condition is the normal distribution bell-shaped and symmetric?
What would be the impact of a larger value for the standard deviation, assuming the mean stays constant?
What would be the impact of a larger value for the standard deviation, assuming the mean stays constant?
You're using a standard normal table to find the area to the left of $z = -1.5$. Which value must you look up?
You're using a standard normal table to find the area to the left of $z = -1.5$. Which value must you look up?
How do you find the area between $ a $ and $ b $ using the standard normal table, assuming $ a $ and $ b $ are on either side of the mean?
How do you find the area between $ a $ and $ b $ using the standard normal table, assuming $ a $ and $ b $ are on either side of the mean?
Imagine two normally distributed groups of test scores are being evaluated. Group A has a mean of 70 and Group B has a mean of 80 with equivalent standard deviations. How would their respective distribution graph compare?
Imagine two normally distributed groups of test scores are being evaluated. Group A has a mean of 70 and Group B has a mean of 80 with equivalent standard deviations. How would their respective distribution graph compare?
What is the significance of the 'empirical rule' in the context of a normal distribution?
What is the significance of the 'empirical rule' in the context of a normal distribution?
We wish to transform a normal curve into a standard normal distribution to use our standard lookup table. What needs to be done?
We wish to transform a normal curve into a standard normal distribution to use our standard lookup table. What needs to be done?
Given 2 sets of data (1 and 2) are distributed normally, where data 1 and 2 have a mean and SD of ($ \mu_1, \sigma_1 $) and ($ \mu_2, \sigma_2 $), respectively. Under what scenario are we required to standardize one or both datasets?
Given 2 sets of data (1 and 2) are distributed normally, where data 1 and 2 have a mean and SD of ($ \mu_1, \sigma_1 $) and ($ \mu_2, \sigma_2 $), respectively. Under what scenario are we required to standardize one or both datasets?
When using a Z-table to compute the area under the curve to the right of $ z = 1.0 $, we typically...
When using a Z-table to compute the area under the curve to the right of $ z = 1.0 $, we typically...
When referring to z-scores, an appropriate description includes...
When referring to z-scores, an appropriate description includes...
During data analysis, what is the primary reason for converting raw scores into z-scores?
During data analysis, what is the primary reason for converting raw scores into z-scores?
What characteristic distinguishes a normal distribution from a standard normal distribution?
What characteristic distinguishes a normal distribution from a standard normal distribution?
What steps should be taken to solve a problem that requires finding the area under a normal curve for a given range of values?
What steps should be taken to solve a problem that requires finding the area under a normal curve for a given range of values?
How will an increased standard deviation affect the kurtosis of the normal distribution?
How will an increased standard deviation affect the kurtosis of the normal distribution?
If two data sets have the same range and number of data points, which descriptive statistic would be most helpful in distinguishing whether the distributions are normal?
If two data sets have the same range and number of data points, which descriptive statistic would be most helpful in distinguishing whether the distributions are normal?
A researcher converts a data set which has 150 data points sampled a normal distribution, and computes a z-table to compute are under the curve within a boundary. Which best approximates a limitation associated with using this cumulative probabilities z lookup method?
A researcher converts a data set which has 150 data points sampled a normal distribution, and computes a z-table to compute are under the curve within a boundary. Which best approximates a limitation associated with using this cumulative probabilities z lookup method?
Flashcards
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
A bell-shaped graph representing the distribution of data, characterized by its mean and standard deviation.
Normal Curve
Normal Curve
The graph of a normal distribution.
Mean (μ)
Mean (μ)
A measure of central tendency; the average value.
Standard Deviation (σ)
Standard Deviation (σ)
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Normal Distribution: Central Tendency
Normal Distribution: Central Tendency
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Normal Distribution: Symmetry
Normal Distribution: Symmetry
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Normal Distribution: Total Area
Normal Distribution: Total Area
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Normal Curve: X-Axis
Normal Curve: X-Axis
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Inflection Points
Inflection Points
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68% Empirical Rule
68% Empirical Rule
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95% Empirical Rule
95% Empirical Rule
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99.7% Empirical Rule
99.7% Empirical Rule
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Mean Affects Location
Mean Affects Location
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Standard Deviation affects Shape
Standard Deviation affects Shape
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Probability Density Function (PDF)
Probability Density Function (PDF)
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Why Standardize?
Why Standardize?
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Normal Distribution traits
Normal Distribution traits
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Normal Distribution Units
Normal Distribution Units
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Area under the curve can be found using
Area under the curve can be found using
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Standard Normal Distribution traits
Standard Normal Distribution traits
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Standard Normal Distribution Units
Standard Normal Distribution Units
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standard normal distribution
standard normal distribution
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z-score
z-score
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Standard Normal Distribution, cumulative area
Standard Normal Distribution, cumulative area
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Standard Normal Distribution: trends
Standard Normal Distribution: trends
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Standard Normal Distribution: Cumulative area
Standard Normal Distribution: Cumulative area
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Cumulative area is close to
Cumulative area is close to
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Study Notes
- Session focuses on continuous probability distributions.
- Specifically looks at the normal distribution.
- By the end of the session, the goal is to define, illustrate, and describe normal random variables, understand the properties of normally distributed random variables, and define and illustrate standard normal distributions.
- Also to transform a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution using z-scores, and find areas under the standard normal curve using a standard normal table.
Normal Distribution Basics
- A Normal/Gaussian Distribution is a bell-shaped graph, encompassing the mean and standard deviation.
- The graph of a normal distribution is known as the normal curve.
Examples of Normal Distribution
- Height.
- Rolling a Dice.
- Tossing a coin.
- IQ.
- Shoe Size.
- Birth Weight.
Properties of a Normal Distribution
- The mean, median, and mode are equal.
- The normal curve is bell-shaped and symmetric around the mean.
- The total area under the normal curve equals 1.
- The normal curve approaches, but never touches, the x-axis, extending away from the mean.
- The empirical rule states that approximately 68% of the area under the normal curve falls within one standard deviation from the mean.
- Approximately 95% falls within two standard deviations.
- Nearly everything approx 99.7%, falls within three standard deviations.
- The graph of the normal distribution depends on the mean (µ) and standard deviation (σ).
- The mean determines the center's location.
- Changes in the mean shift the graph left or right.
- The standard deviation determines the graphs' shapes (height and width).
- A larger standard deviation results in a shorter, wider curve.
- A smaller standard deviation gives a skinnier, taller graph.
- A probability density function (pdf) can be used for a continuous probability distribution.
- A normal curve with mean µ and standard deviation σ can be graphed using the normal probability density function.
Standard Normal Distribution
- Transforming each data value of a normally distributed random variable x into a z-score results in a standard normal distribution.
- A normal distribution is standardized to easily compare normal distributions with variance.
- This variance can be in spread, position, or units of measure.
- A normal distribution can have any mean and standard deviation.
- Units are denoted by x.
- The area under the curve is found using the empirical rule.
- Standard normal distribution has a fixed mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
- The units are denoted by z.
- The area under the curve is found using the standard normal table.
- The normal distribution with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 is the standard normal distribution.
- The horizontal scale of the standard normal distribution corresponds to z-scores.
- A z-score measures position, indicating how many standard deviations a value is from the mean.
- The cumulative area is close to 0 for z-scores close to z = -3.49 and close to 1 for z-scores close to z = 3.49.
- The cumulative area increases as the z-scores increase.
- The cumulative area for z = 0 is 0.5000.
Using the Standard Normal Table
- To find area (probability) using the table: locate the first two digits (tenth value) at the column part, and the last digit (hundredth value) on the uppermost row.
- The intersection of the two grids gives the required area.
- The area shown in a normal table is half of the normal curve, totaling approximately 50% or 0.5.
- The reference point is the Mean at the center.
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