Podcast
Questions and Answers
Alpha receptors are activated by which neurotransmitter?
Alpha receptors are activated by which neurotransmitter?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine (correct)
- GABA
Which second messenger is used by Alpha-1 receptors?
Which second messenger is used by Alpha-1 receptors?
- Adenylate cyclase (AC)
- Guanylate cyclase (GC)
- Tyrosine kinase (TK)
- Phospholipase C (PLC) (correct)
What is the primary effect of activating Alpha-2 receptors?
What is the primary effect of activating Alpha-2 receptors?
- Muscle contraction
- Increased heart rate
- Increased sodium influx
- Decreased cAMP levels (correct)
Which ion channel is primarily affected by Alpha-2 receptor activation?
Which ion channel is primarily affected by Alpha-2 receptor activation?
What is the general effect of beta receptor activation?
What is the general effect of beta receptor activation?
All beta receptors increase the levels of which second messenger?
All beta receptors increase the levels of which second messenger?
Which of the following is a primary effect of Beta-2 receptor activation?
Which of the following is a primary effect of Beta-2 receptor activation?
Where are Beta-3 receptors primarily located?
Where are Beta-3 receptors primarily located?
What is the role of the norepinephrine transporter (NET)?
What is the role of the norepinephrine transporter (NET)?
Which of the following drugs blocks the norepinephrine transporter (NET)?
Which of the following drugs blocks the norepinephrine transporter (NET)?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of norepinephrine?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of norepinephrine?
What is the final breakdown product of norepinephrine?
What is the final breakdown product of norepinephrine?
What type of drug is Moclobemide?
What type of drug is Moclobemide?
What is a common effect of drugs that inhibit NET?
What is a common effect of drugs that inhibit NET?
Alpha-2 receptors act as what form of receptor?
Alpha-2 receptors act as what form of receptor?
Which of the following is a function of Beta-1 receptors?
Which of the following is a function of Beta-1 receptors?
What condition might be treated with a Beta-2 agonist like Salbutamol?
What condition might be treated with a Beta-2 agonist like Salbutamol?
How does cocaine affect norepinephrine levels in the synapse?
How does cocaine affect norepinephrine levels in the synapse?
What is one potential use of measuring VMA levels in urine?
What is one potential use of measuring VMA levels in urine?
How does Moclobemide affect norepinephrine availability?
How does Moclobemide affect norepinephrine availability?
Alpha-1 receptor activation primarily leads to an influx of which ion?
Alpha-1 receptor activation primarily leads to an influx of which ion?
Which type of receptors, when activated, generally cause excitation?
Which type of receptors, when activated, generally cause excitation?
What is the effect of potassium efflux caused by Alpha-2 receptor activation?
What is the effect of potassium efflux caused by Alpha-2 receptor activation?
What does increased cAMP production generally lead to?
What does increased cAMP production generally lead to?
Which of these locations is most associated with Beta-2 receptors?
Which of these locations is most associated with Beta-2 receptors?
In which cellular component does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) primarily function?
In which cellular component does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) primarily function?
Which cellular process is promoted by NET?
Which cellular process is promoted by NET?
In the context of norepinephrine, what does 'metabotropic' mean?
In the context of norepinephrine, what does 'metabotropic' mean?
What occurs when norepinephrine binds to Alpha-2 autoreceptors?
What occurs when norepinephrine binds to Alpha-2 autoreceptors?
What is the action of drugs such as amphetamines on NET?
What is the action of drugs such as amphetamines on NET?
Which of the following is an effect caused by a decrease in cAMP production?
Which of the following is an effect caused by a decrease in cAMP production?
Which receptor type is significant for regulating metabolism and fat breakdown?
Which receptor type is significant for regulating metabolism and fat breakdown?
What is the primary result of blocking NET?
What is the primary result of blocking NET?
Which of the following is a potential therapeutic effect of MAO inhibitors?
Which of the following is a potential therapeutic effect of MAO inhibitors?
What role does calcium influx play in neurons when Alpha-1 receptors are activated?
What role does calcium influx play in neurons when Alpha-1 receptors are activated?
What effect does increased cAMP have on sodium ion (Na⁺) gates?
What effect does increased cAMP have on sodium ion (Na⁺) gates?
What process is dysregulated when there is too much norepinephrine in the synapse?
What process is dysregulated when there is too much norepinephrine in the synapse?
What condition may result from having too little norepinephrine?
What condition may result from having too little norepinephrine?
What does Moclobemide act as for norepinephrine?
What does Moclobemide act as for norepinephrine?
Which second messenger do Alpha-1 receptors use?
Which second messenger do Alpha-1 receptors use?
What effect does increased cAMP production generally have?
What effect does increased cAMP production generally have?
What is the term for the process where NET removes norepinephrine from the synapse?
What is the term for the process where NET removes norepinephrine from the synapse?
What is the final breakdown product of norepinephrine metabolism?
What is the final breakdown product of norepinephrine metabolism?
Flashcards
Alpha Receptors
Alpha Receptors
Work through second messengers, activated by norepinephrine (NE), effects vary by subtype.
Alpha-1 Receptors
Alpha-1 Receptors
Use phospholipase C (PLC), leading to Ca²⁺ influx, increasing neuron excitability (EPSP).
Alpha-2 Receptors
Alpha-2 Receptors
Reduce cAMP, cause K⁺ efflux (IPSP), autoreceptors that regulate norepinephrine release.
Beta Receptors
Beta Receptors
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Beta-1 Receptors
Beta-1 Receptors
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Beta-2 Receptors
Beta-2 Receptors
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Beta-3 Receptors
Beta-3 Receptors
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Norepinephrine Transporter (NET)
Norepinephrine Transporter (NET)
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Cocaine & Amphetamines (effect on NET)
Cocaine & Amphetamines (effect on NET)
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Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
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Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
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MAO Inhibitors (MAOIs)
MAO Inhibitors (MAOIs)
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Study Notes
- Norepinephrine (NE) activates alpha receptors, which are metabotropic receptors that operate through second messengers rather than directly opening ion channels.
Alpha-1 Receptors
- These receptors are excitatory and use phospholipase C (PLC) as a second messenger.
- Calcium influx occurs, making the neuron more excitable, resulting in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
- Decreases cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) production.
Alpha-2 Receptors
- Alpha-2 receptors are inhibitory and also act as autoreceptors.
- cAMP levels are reduced, thus inhibiting certain cellular functions.
- Causes potassium efflux and leads to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which makes the neuron less likely to fire.
- They regulate norepinephrine release by sensing NE levels in the synapse and reducing further release, if needed.
Beta Receptors
- Increases cAMP levels.
- Higher cAMP levels lead to the opening of sodium ion gates, making neurons more excitable.
- Beta receptor activation generally leads to excitation.
Beta-1 Receptors
- Primarily located in the heart and brain
- Increases heart rate and neuronal activity.
- Important for alertness and arousal.
Beta-2 Receptors
- Found mostly in the lungs and muscles
- Causes smooth muscle relaxation, such as bronchodilation in the lungs.
- Used as treatments for asthma, such as Salbutamol.
Beta-3 Receptors
- Located in fat cells
- Regulate metabolism and fat breakdown.
Norepinephrine Transporter (NET)
- Responsible for reuptake.
- It clears norepinephrine from the synapse to stop its action.
- Insufficient norepinephrine can lead to low energy or depression, whereas too much norepinephrine can cause overstimulation.
- Cocaine and amphetamines block NET, which keeps norepinephrine in the synapse longer and leads to increased stimulation.
Enzymatic Degradation of Norepinephrine
- Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) mainly breaks down NE after it is taken back into the neuron.
- Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is the final breakdown product of norepinephrine.
- VMA levels in urine are measured to assess norepinephrine metabolism and diagnose diseases like pheochromocytoma.
MAO Inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Moclobemide, which is an MAO inhibitor, prevents NE breakdown, thus keeping more of it available.
- Acts as an agonist, or enhancer, for norepinephrine, which helps treat depression and low energy.
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