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Questions and Answers
What is a primary benefit of using captive-bred animals for translocations?
What is a primary benefit of using captive-bred animals for translocations?
A soft release involves immediate release of animals into their new environment.
A soft release involves immediate release of animals into their new environment.
False
What are the two types of release techniques mentioned for translocation?
What are the two types of release techniques mentioned for translocation?
Soft release and hard release
A conservation translocation is any release to the wild of wild or captive bred individuals for any __________.
A conservation translocation is any release to the wild of wild or captive bred individuals for any __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a consideration when selecting a release site?
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when selecting a release site?
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Translocated populations can introduce diseases or parasites, hence disease screenings before release are necessary.
Translocated populations can introduce diseases or parasites, hence disease screenings before release are necessary.
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Match the following types of release methods with their descriptions:
Match the following types of release methods with their descriptions:
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What is an invasive species?
What is an invasive species?
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All non-native species are considered invasive species.
All non-native species are considered invasive species.
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What is one argument against conservation translocation?
What is one argument against conservation translocation?
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What is propagule pressure?
What is propagule pressure?
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The transportation method that can carry millions of organisms across oceans is __________.
The transportation method that can carry millions of organisms across oceans is __________.
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Match the following conservation methods with their descriptions:
Match the following conservation methods with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of in situ conservation?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of in situ conservation?
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What is the primary focus of integrated pest management?
What is the primary focus of integrated pest management?
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Ex situ conservation involves efforts to keep individuals within their natural habitat.
Ex situ conservation involves efforts to keep individuals within their natural habitat.
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What is one of the major advantages of ex situ conservation?
What is one of the major advantages of ex situ conservation?
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Ex situ conservation guarantees a large genetic pool in captive populations.
Ex situ conservation guarantees a large genetic pool in captive populations.
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What does MVP stand for in conservation biology?
What does MVP stand for in conservation biology?
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The phenomenon where a series of linked processes lead to extinction is known as the ______.
The phenomenon where a series of linked processes lead to extinction is known as the ______.
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Population Viability Analysis (PVA) is used to calculate what?
Population Viability Analysis (PVA) is used to calculate what?
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Match the following conservation terms with their definitions:
Match the following conservation terms with their definitions:
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Conservation focuses solely on protecting endangered species from extinction.
Conservation focuses solely on protecting endangered species from extinction.
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What is a keystone species?
What is a keystone species?
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What does ex situ conservation aim to achieve in terms of educational benefits?
What does ex situ conservation aim to achieve in terms of educational benefits?
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Ecosystem engineers only affect the physical environment and have no impact on other species.
Ecosystem engineers only affect the physical environment and have no impact on other species.
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What is a global biodiversity hotspot?
What is a global biodiversity hotspot?
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Protecting ______ species indirectly protects other species through shared habitats.
Protecting ______ species indirectly protects other species through shared habitats.
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Which of the following statements about Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is true?
Which of the following statements about Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is true?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is one of the argued benefits of conservation translocation?
What is one of the argued benefits of conservation translocation?
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Ecosystem service conservation only focuses on land and does not include marine environments.
Ecosystem service conservation only focuses on land and does not include marine environments.
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What is the process called when individuals are released into an area outside of the species' historical range to fill a vacant ecological niche?
What is the process called when individuals are released into an area outside of the species' historical range to fill a vacant ecological niche?
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Which of the following is an argument against doing a conservation translocation? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is an argument against doing a conservation translocation? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following is NOT a reason to use wild individuals for translocations?
Which of the following is NOT a reason to use wild individuals for translocations?
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The soft release technique involves providing supplementary feed to individual animals.
The soft release technique involves providing supplementary feed to individual animals.
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What is conservation triage?
What is conservation triage?
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Marine protected areas currently cover about _____% of the ocean.
Marine protected areas currently cover about _____% of the ocean.
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All marine protected areas prevent the exploitation and taking of its natural resources.
All marine protected areas prevent the exploitation and taking of its natural resources.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Non-native Species and Invasive Species
- Non-native species: organisms brought outside their native range by human activity.
- Invasive species: non-native species harmful to the economy, environment, or human health.
- Modes of transportation for non-native/invasive species: pet/aquarium trade, ornamental plants, food/fur industry, pest control, stowaways.
- Ballast water transports millions of organisms across oceans.
- After translocation, 10% of species appear in the wild, and 10% become invasive species.
Propagule Pressure
- Propagule pressure: high number of release events, large number of individuals released, large genetic diversity of released individuals (e.g., harbors, tourist destinations).
Management of Non-native Species
- Prevention (e.g., ballast water treatment, import restrictions, quarantine).
- Eradication (for small populations).
- Containment (restrict population spread).
- Site protection (protect small locations within larger invaded regions).
Pest Species
- Pest species are organisms whose high abundance result in a strong economic burden.
Competitive Release
- Integrated pest management uses multiple techniques to keep pest populations small.
- Sanitation (removal of pest resources).
- Physical pest control (excluding and removing pests).
- Biological pest control (introducing, augmenting, and promoting populations).
- Chemical pest control (DDT, neonicotinoids, glyphosate).
In Situ Conservation
- In situ conservation: onsite conservation efforts.
- To restore: make something like it was before.
- To protect: protect something from disturbances.
- To maintain: keep something as it is.
- To improve: make something better (bigger) than it is.
- To connect: improve the connectivity of something.
Advantages of In Situ
- Applicable to ecosystems.
- Cheaper.
- Conservation of other organisms and habitat.
- Potential to engage local communities.
- Higher likelihood of sustainability.
Disadvantages of In Situ
- Little/no control over some variables (storm events, poaching).
- Typically smaller population growth.
- Spatial limitations.
- Potential for resistance to local communities.
Habitat Conservation Management
- Small spatial scale/population scale.
- Patch scale/community scale.
- Landscape scale/ecosystem scale.
Poaching
- Poaching: illegal gathering of wild flora or fauna.
Ex Situ Conservation
- Ex situ conservation: conservation efforts that include removal of individuals out of their natural range.
Advantages of Ex Situ
- Removal from in situ threats.
- Produced individuals can be reintroduced elsewhere.
- Effective medical attention.
- Effective in environmental education.
Disadvantages of Ex Situ
- High, ongoing costs/need a lot of space.
- Risks associated with removing organisms.
- Small genetic pools.
- Altered animal behavior.
- Ethical issues with removing animals from the wild.
Studbooks
- Studbooks include the pedigree and location history of the population.
- Provides a basis for detailed genetic and demographic analyses.
- Used for management of captive animal populations.
Ex Situ Effects
- Ex situ effects on phenotypic changes (physical and behavioral changes).
Preservation
- Preservation: maintain ecosystems and biodiversity balance and integrity without human interference.
Conservation
- Conservation: human actions to maintain the integrity and balance of ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Minimum viable population (MVP): the smallest isolated population having a 90-99% chance of remaining extant for 1000 years.
Populations under MVP
- Populations under the MVP may decline due to inbreeding, insufficient population densities, low adaptability, and increased isolation (metapopulations).
Extinction Vortex
- Extinction vortex: series of linked processes leading to extinction (e.g., Allee effects, stochasticity, isolation, loss of heterozygosity, increased inbreeding depression).
Extinction Debt
- Extinction debt: future extinction of species due to past disturbances. Higher population numbers and longer generation times delay extinction.
Population Viability Analysis (PVA)
- Population Viability Analysis (PVA): process of calculating MVP for a species.
- Vortex is a common software for PVAs.
Conservation Triage
- Conservation triage: abandoning some populations to extinction to focus resources on those with higher survival chances.
Single-Species Focused Approach
- Keystone species: species significantly impacting their ecosystem and trophic levels.
- Ecosystem engineer: species creating or maintaining habitat for other species.
- Umbrella species: protecting umbrella species indirectly protects other species.
- Flagship species: have large home ranges and/or habitat requirements.
Protecting Flagship Species
- Indirectly protects other species through shared habitat.
Crisis Ecoregion
- Highly converted areas with little protection.
Ecosystem Service Conservation
- Protecting and maintaining habitat & biodiversity.
- Improving ecosystem stability and resilience.
- Supporting surrounding fisheries.
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
- Limit/prohibit removing or disrupting marine organisms.
Ecosystem Focused Approach
- Ecosystem biodiversity.
- Ecosystem condition.
- Ecosystem service sustainability (e.g., MPAs).
Conservation Translocation
- Conservation translocation: any release to the wild of wild or captive bred individuals for conservation purposes.
Rewilding
- Rewilding: restoring habitats and ecological interactions.
Translocation Pros & Cons
- Advantages: species survival, increasing global numbers, preventing extinction, restoring ecosystems, economic benefit, potentially ethical responsibility.
- Disadvantages: cost, high failure rate, potential negative impact on other species.
Arguments Against Translocation
- Can be very expensive.
- Relatively high failure rate.
- Can negatively affect other species.
- Difficult to define "success" of translocation programs.
Headstarting
- Technique where individuals are brought into captivity during vulnerable stages of life, then released.
Soft Release
- Acclimatizing individuals to their new environment (enclosures, etc.)
Hard Release
- Releasing individuals directly into their environment.
Conservation Translocation
- Conservation translocation is any release to the wild of wild or captive-bred individuals for any purpose.
Release Sites
- Release sites need to suit all life cycle stages.
- Disease/parasite screening required.
Population Restoration Reinforcement
- Releasing individuals into an area with the species' historical range and existing conspecific population.
Release Site Considerations:
- Suitability
- Carrying capacity
- Species interactions
- Socioeconomic acceptability
Headstarting
- Temporary captivity for vulnerable life stages before release.
Assisted Colonization
- Releasing individuals outside a species' historical range.
Ecological Replacement
- Filling an ecological niche left vacant by a species.
Week 12
- Extinctions are natural, with a background extinction rate.
- Inbreeding depression and population bottlenecks contribute to extinction vortex.
- Conservation triage prioritizes resources based on survival chances, not saving all possible populations.
Week 9
- Boreal forests aren't considered a crisis ecoregion.
- Marine protected areas cover less than 8% of the ocean.
- Marine protected areas don't guarantee protection from exploitation.
- CITES is an ex situ management tool.
- Studbooks focus on the genetic aspects of captive animal populations, not behavior.
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Description
Explore the concepts of non-native and invasive species in this quiz. Learn about their impacts, modes of transportation, and effective management strategies. Understand how propagule pressure contributes to the spread of these species and discover prevention, eradication, and containment methods.
