299 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a stage of fire development?
Flashover Stage
What are the identifiable factors of the Incipient stage of a fire?
Smoke has not reduced visibility in the vicinity
What affects whether a fire can be extinguished in the Incipient stage?
Proximity of other flammable fuels
Which stage of fire development comes immediately after ignition?
Incipient Stage
What allows firefighters to predict potential changes due to ventilation and tactical action?
Recognition of Incipient stage
What does the color of smoke indicate?
The type of materials ignited
What is the number one warning sign of an impending flashover?
Lack of water droplets falling back to the floor
What is flashover?
The near-simultaneous ignition of directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area
What are the signs of a backdraft?
Visible flames and auto-ignition of hot gases at openings
What is Carbon Monoxide (CO)?
A colorless, odorless, toxic, flammable gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon
What are the four basic signs of smoke quality?
Volume, Velocity, Density, Color
What does the density of smoke indicate?
The thickness of smoke and the presence of flammable gases
What does it mean if windows appear to be stained with black or brown color?
Early pyrolysis of plastic or presence of a hot fire far away
When does flashover normally occur for ordinary combustibles?
Between 900 °F to 1,100 °F
What is the primary influence on smoke exiting the structure into colder air?
Building and weather influences
What is a backdraft?
A smoke explosion that can occur when a fire has consumed all available oxygen in a room and more oxygen is rapidly introduced
What stage occurs when the fire has established itself and is self-sufficient?
Growth stage
What identifying factor indicates the Growth stage of a fire?
A plume or layer of smoke visible above the fire
What is the Heat Release Rate (HRR) measure typically expressed in?
Kilowatts (kW)
What does a unidirectional flow path indicate?
Fire on a different level of the structure
What is a potential danger of ventilation limited fires?
Rapid transition to the Fully Developed Stage in seconds
What stage of a fire ends with flashover?
Growth stage
What indicates that a fire is considered Fully Developed?
Engulfing all available fuel sources with intense heat
What does Heat Flux measure?
the amount of heat transferred per unit of area, typically expressed as kilowatts per meter squared.
'Controlling flow paths' is critical in reducing the threat of being injured or killed by what type of fire?
'Wind Driven Fire'
'A ventilation limited fire' occurs when a fire has insufficient:
Oxygen to sustain the combustion process
'Flow Path' refers to the movement of heat and smoke from which air pressure locations?
'High pressure' to 'low pressure'
'Flow path in the fire service' is most commonly used to describe the movement of:
'Combustion gases and smoke'
What is the primary function of load bearing walls?
To support building structural weight and content load
Which chemical is 35 times more toxic than carbon monoxide (CO)?
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
What are the signs of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
Disorientation and headaches
What is the primary purpose of fire walls?
To prevent the spread of fire between or through buildings
What is the main characteristic of parapet walls?
They extend above the roof line for several feet
What is the difference between load bearing and non-load bearing walls?
Load bearing walls are designed to hold and support building structural weight while non-load bearing walls are not built to support structural elements or contents
In what types of fires is Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) typically produced?
Fires involving wool, cotton, resins, upholstered furniture, nylon, and polyester
What is the primary tactical concern related to parapet walls?
They are dangerously unstable and personnel should not be below them
What is the primary function of fire barriers?
Interior walls of gypsum board or drywall on wood or metal studs that extend from floor‐to‐floor or floor‐to‐roof
What is the main concern related to failure of a party wall?
It can lead to building collapse
What should be avoided when approaching a Wind Driven Fire?
Positioning in the flow path should be avoided
What is the measure of pitch in a pitched roof?
Rise in height/ run in length
Which type of roofs are typically constructed with a slight slope for drainage?
Flat roofs
What type of roofs may have unprotected tie rods that extend through the interior of the building?
Curved roofs
What is the measure of a low slope in degrees for a roof?
Up to 25 degrees
What tactical concern is highlighted related to vertical ventilation on roofs?
It requires authorization from an on-scene Battalion Chief or FSC
Why are roofs subject to wear and deterioration from weather elements?
Exposed to weather elements such as rain, wind, and sun
What determines whether it is safe for firefighters to operate on a pitched roof?
Slope, roofing material, and weather conditions
What is the measure of medium to high slopes for a roof?
$6/12$ to $14/12$ or from 25 to 50 degrees
What type of commercial structure combines commercial stores on the lower levels with residential occupancies on upper floors?
$ ext{Podium structure}$
$ ext{What is the main reason why flat roofs provide a false sense of security for firefighters?}$
What can happen if a master stream strikes a parapet wall?
The wall may develop cracks
What should you not do with an aerial ladder in relation to a parapet wall?
Rest it on top of the wall
What is tilt-wall construction?
Construction technique using poured slabs of concrete
What is a common feature of tilt walls in construction?
They are insulated with plastic insulating foam
What is a potential hazard when dealing with truss systems in a building?
They can suddenly fail with almost no warning
What should be checked before moving beneath a ceiling with truss systems?
Sag or structural damage in the ceiling
What is a characteristic of open web steel bar joist trusses?
They have no fire protection and can fail when exposed to fire
What is a potential hazard when dealing with lightweight wood trusses?
They are vulnerable to failure when exposed to fire
What type of buildings are typically one to three stories high and have large display windows in the front?
Strip Center buildings
Which type of roofs in strip center buildings are usually supported by lightweight steel bar joists which have no fire protection?
Flat roofs
What characteristic makes metal clad security doors in the rear of strip center buildings a forcible entry challenge?
They are combined with drop bars
What can suspended ceilings potentially hide in strip center buildings?
Fire
What type of buildings used for storage and/ or manufacturing have high fuel loads, hazardous materials, and industrial machinery?
Warehouse buildings
What feature is common in warehouse buildings that poses a potential challenge due to its high fuel loads and hazardous materials?
Individual occupancies with varying fuel loads
What is the primary function of Air Handling Units in HVAC systems?
To cool air and introduce outside fresh air
Where are cooling towers often located in HVAC systems?
At the roof level
What are the primary devices used to distribute air into building spaces in HVAC systems?
Grilles, registers, and diffusers
In a structure fire, what is the vital reason to pressurize enclosed stairwells in commercial buildings?
To keep smoke from entering the stairwell
What is the primary action to take to pressurize a stairwell if there is smoke inside?
Use PPVs to introduce air at the base
What is the purpose of Fire Department Connections (FDCs) in buildings?
To supply both sprinklers and standpipe systems
What is the well hole in a stairwell and how does it impact firefighting?
It is the gap between the stair banisters and impacts hose movement within the stairwell
What is the Stack Effect in relation to fire behavior?
The process where hot air rises within a structure and exits out the top like a chimney
What is the primary tactical concern related to vertical ventilation on roofs?
'Reverse Stack Effect' causing smoke to descend back down towards the fire floor
What does Heat Flux measure in relation to fire behavior?
The amount of heat absorbed by building materials during a fire
What indicates that a fire is considered Fully Developed?
Rapid heat release and spread of flames throughout the structure
What is the main purpose of the Wet-Pipe Valve in a sprinkler system?
To open and keep the system charged when water pressure drops
Where should spare sprinkler heads be located?
In the sprinkler cabinet in the sprinkler control room
What is the primary function of a Fire Pump in a sprinkler system?
To pressurize the water in the sprinkler system
What is the purpose of Drain Valves in a sprinkler system?
To empty water from the pipe near the wet pipe valve
What do Annunciators do in relation to alarm systems?
Indicate the exact device within a zone in addressable systems
What is the function of Elevator Keys in Phase I and II Fire Service operation?
Control the car during emergency fire service operation
What is the purpose of Hoistway Keys?
Gives access to the hoistway for emergency fire service operation
What do hoistway doors protect people from?
Falling into the pit
What is the primary purpose of standpipe systems?
To supply water for firefighting inside the structure
In which type of buildings are Class I standpipe systems typically found?
High-rise buildings without sprinkler systems
What is the purpose of a Pressure Reducing Device (PRD) in a standpipe system?
To reduce the pressure differences between floors
What is the main characteristic of an Automatic Dry Standpipe system?
Air is stored in the system at a constant pressure
What is the purpose of risers in a sprinkler system?
To provide water to the sprinkler heads
What is the main function of a Water Control Valve in a sprinkler system?
To indicate whether water is supplied to the system
Which type of buildings typically have smaller FDCs that can be supplied by 1 ½ inch couplings?
Apartment complexes
'Class II System' in standpipe systems provides:
Hose lines for building occupants until the fire department arrives
'Semi-Automatic Dry Standpipe' systems require:
Connection of hoses by firefighters to activate the system
'Manual Dry Standpipe' systems are designed for:
Parking garages that require fire department pumping
What can be used to protect the stairwell when opening a door onto the fire floor?
Pressurizing the stairwell
What is the most important reading on a standpipe hose's inline pressure gauge?
When the hose is flowing
What is the primary tactical concern for fire personnel in all commercial structures?
Selecting the best point of entry to minimize distance to the fire
What is the distinguishing feature of big box stores like Home Depot and Lowes?
Tall ceilings, high fuel loads, large footprints, and installed sprinkler systems
What is the purpose of a suspended ceiling system in commercial structures?
To conceal the underside of the roof or floor system and adjacent walls
What is the significance of attic spaces in commercial buildings?
Attic spaces often house water heaters, HVAC components, and storage
What is the role of HVAC systems in commercial buildings?
To control the building temperature and filter contaminants
What is a primary tactical concern related to attic spaces in commercial structures?
Checking for fire extension and quickly accessing the attic space
What distinguishes solar panels from modules within a solar panel system?
Modules possess electrical capacity that can injure personnel, while solar panels capture solar energy
What is a potential hazard associated with long hose lays in warehouse fires?
Risk of disorientation and entanglement inside
What triggers Phase I Operation in an elevator?
Activation of a smoke alarm in the elevator machinery room
How can elevator cars be placed into Phase I operation?
Inserting the elevator key and turning it to the 'On' position
What should be done if smoke, fire, or water is found while conducting Phase I operations?
Do not use the elevator
What is the purpose of the star symbol on the elevator control panel?
To indicate the recall location for the elevator car
What is the significance of gathering elevator keys and master keys/card swipes before conducting Phase I operations?
To access and control the elevators during Phase I
What action initiates Phase I recall for an elevator bank?
Inserting the elevator key and turning it to the 'On' position
Which feature of Phase II operation disables the photoelectric door closing sensors in elevator cars?
Turning the elevator key to the 'On' position
What is a tactical concern related to open floor plans during a fire?
Impact of fire in one area on all areas
What is a common characteristic of fire escapes?
Deterioration due to age and lack of maintenance
What is a distinguishing feature of natural gas and propane?
They are heavier than air
What action can take an elevator car out of Phase II operation?
Turning the elevator key to the 'Off' position
What is a potential hazard when dealing with fire escapes?
Age-related deterioration and lack of maintenance
What is a feature of natural gas that differs from propane?
Rising and accumulating in elevated locations like attics
What should be done before using an elevator car during Phase II operation?
'Call Cancel' button should be tested
Which of the following is the safe operating threshold for the Lower Explosive Limits (LEL) of airborne fuels?
10% of LEL
What type of collapse occurs when the entire floor falls down in one piece?
Pancake collapse
Inward/Outward collapse, curtain-fall collapse, and 90-degree-angle collapse are types of:
Wall collapse
What should be done by CPS Energy or a licensed plumber after shutting off the gas to isolate a leak?
Turn the gas back on and relight systems
What is the primary tactical concern related to attic spaces in commercial structures?
Risk of flashover
What is the primary purpose of burglar bars on doors or windows?
Create an Extremely Dangerous Structure
What characteristic makes metal clad security doors in the rear of strip center buildings a forcible entry challenge?
Significant obstacles provided
2.22
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angle}$
What tactical concern is highlighted related to vertical ventilation on roofs?
Greater disorientation risk
What is a characteristic of open web steel bar joist trusses?
Sporadic voids throughout the debris
In San Antonio, where is the use of open-flame cooking devices prohibited in Commercial or Multi-Family Occupancies?
On a balcony or within 10 feet of a combustible surface
What type of cooking devices are acceptable on a balcony or within 10 feet of a combustible surface in Commercial or Multi-Family Occupancies?
Devices that use 1-lb. propane containers
In which type of dwellings does the 10 ft. rule for open-flame cooking not apply?
One and Two-Family Residential Dwellings
Under what conditions are fire pits allowed within San Antonio city limits?
Fire pit is a commercially-sold device, operated within intended use, attended fire, means of extinguishment readily available
What does firefighting require en-route to the fire, according to the guidelines?
A systematic approach to scene evaluation, risk management, and rapid decision making
What are some considerations en-route to the fire as per the guidelines?
Crew Limitations, Time of Day, Day of Week, Weather
What is strictly prohibited within the San Antonio city limits unless a permit is obtained?
Burning trash, refuse (including brush) or any other combustibles
What type of buildings does the provision for open flame cooking apply to in San Antonio?
(Apts., Townhomes, Condos, Dormitories, Etc.)
What signs of impending collapse should fire personnel be aware of?
Sagging roofs and floors, cracking noises, and expanding gaps in masonry walls
What is the primary purpose of transformers in the electrical system?
To convert high voltage electricity to lower voltage power
What should fire department personnel do if they suspect a collapse is imminent?
Immediately announce the suspicion as priority traffic
Why is it extremely dangerous to approach a downed power line on a metal fence?
The metal fence could conduct the electricity
What is the role of a safety observer near a failed power line connection at a structure fire?
To keep others away from the location of the failed power line
What is the primary purpose of hoistway keys in fire service operation?
To disable elevators in the event of a fire
Why are vacant buildings with excess trash and unmaintained yards considered tactical concerns?
The unmaintained yard can hide potential hazards
What should be done if a live power line is in contact with an occupied vehicle?
Direct occupants to jump clear from the vehicle
Why should SAFD personnel not attempt to enter Electrical Vaults until deemed safe by on scene CPS Energy personnel?
The vaults have limited access and may be hazardous
What is the main function of electrical substations?
To distribute electricity throughout the city by using transformers to step down high voltage to distribution levels
What is the primary purpose of a floor system in a structure?
To support greater loads than roofs
What tactical concern is highlighted when checking windows during a 360 assessment?
Possible victim rescue through the windows
What type of door is equipped with closing devices and is considered a key life safety feature?
Self-closing door
What is the purpose of door control in firefighting operations?
To control flow paths
How does the public entity managing the city’s water grid pressurize the water mains?
By using elevated water towers and pumping stations
What should be checked for before making connections to a hydrant in firefighting operations?
Sediment accumulation in pipe systems
Under what conditions does the SAFD have the authority to extinguish any fire?
All of the above
In what type of buildings are Class I standpipe systems typically found?
Commercial structures
What distinguishing feature does solar panel systems consist of?
Use of multiple photovoltaic modules connected as a single unit
What initiates Phase I recall for an elevator bank during fire service operation?
Activation of the fire alarm system
Which tactical concern is highlighted related to vertical ventilation on roofs during firefighting operations?
Potential changes due to ventilation and tactical action
What is the main goal when dealing with offensive fires?
Eliminate/minimize the fire as quickly and safely as possible
What is the recommended distance for placing engines from the burning area on offensive fires?
30 feet
What is the purpose of establishing an uninterrupted supply of water in offensive fires?
To facilitate quick extinguishing of the fire
Why should engines be placed as close to what's burning as safely as possible on offensive fires?
To facilitate applying water onto the fire quickly
What is the significance of placing engines around hazard zones on offensive fires?
To ensure a strategic attack position
What does the 3.12 Defensive Incident Action Plan focus on?
Developing strategies for defensive firefighting tactics
What is the primary role of the Forward Engine at the fire scene?
Deploying attack lines
According to the text, what should Engine Officers consider when positioning aerial ladders?
Visibility of all sides of the building
In defensive apparatus placement rules, how far should masonry or wood structures be spotted from the building?
At least 30 ft away
What is Level 1 staging used for in fire incident response?
Parking uncommitted units close to the immediate scene
What does Level 1 mean for engine companies?
They don’t pass their last water source (hydrant)
When is Level 2 staging used in fire incident response?
For a location near the incident scene where later arriving resources will assemble
What is a key consideration in spotting defensive apparatus for protecting exposures near the fire area?
Placing master streams on walls needing protection
For larger buildings with no significant exposures, what is the recommended placement for elevated master streams?
On corners of the structure
What is the purpose of adding a 2 1/2inch gate valve to the hydrant?
To increase water flow
In what scenario should a Relay Engine be spaced every 500 ft?
When relaying greater than 1,000 gpm
What does Direct Connect involve in relation to the Forward Engine and the hydrant?
Connecting without using a Key Pumper
What is the main purpose of Dual Pumping in firefighting?
To share water between engines
Where are Private Hydrants usually found?
At apartment complexes and large facilities
What does the Elevated Standpipe Evolution allow in firefighting?
Deploying a hose line from an aerial ladder or platform into a building’s upper floor
What is the primary use of Horizontal Standpipe in firefighting?
Deploying a hose line from an engine to the fire scene
What does Tank Transfer Evolution enable the Forward Engine to do?
Use more water for fire control
'Kinks' in supply hoses can:
Increase water flow
What is the function of Tandem Pumping during firefighting?
To boost the pressure received by another engine or aerial apparatus
What caution is associated with Reverse Lay in firefighting?
Restricted access along small residential streets
What is a common feature of Semi-Automatic Dry Standpipe systems?
They require manual activation during operation
Who automatically becomes the Level 2 Staging Manager upon arrival at the Level 2 area?
The first Engine Company to arrive
What is the primary responsibility of the Level 2 Staging Manager?
Relaying assignments to units from the IC/Logistics
When units leave Level 2 after receiving an assignment, who should they communicate directly with for further instructions?
Command or their assigned DGS
What is the primary characteristic of a smooth bore nozzle?
Less steam conversion
Which type of fire stream nozzle is most effective for protecting exposures?
Fog nozzle
What is the primary consideration when choosing the proper sized attack line?
Volume and GPM
In what situations should engines be prepared to quickly deploy a horizontal standpipe?
Apartment complexes and commercial structures
What does the dispatch center notify additional units dispatched to the incident when Level 2 is in effect?
Location of the tactical channel for Level 2
When is Level 2 implemented, who should companies communicate with regarding assignments and operations?
Incident Commander (IC) or Logistics
What is the primary role of an Elevated Master Stream in fire control activities?
Fast setup time and large volume
What is the recommended approach for applying water onto offensive fires through outside horizontal openings?
Using a straight stream or smooth bore nozzle
What is the primary purpose of controlling the fire in the context of rescue efforts?
To improve occupant and firefighter survivability
What should entry teams use their hand line streams for, before direct water application onto the actual burning fuels?
To reduce interior temperatures by cooling hot smoke
What is the maximum distance recommended inside a structure for deploying attack lines?
170 feet
What benchmark indicates that the main body of fire has been 'knocked down' in a unit’s assigned geographic work area, but the seven sides of the fire have NOT been checked for any fire extension?
'Fire Knocked Down'
What should command do if interior crews report 'we’re getting it' but fire conditions haven’t improved?
Compare interior reports to what they see from the command post (CP)
What must Company Officers and DGSs maintain an awareness of during fire streams operations?
Where fire streams are going and their overall effect on controlling/eliminating the fire
When should command deploy additional hand lines during fire operations?
When they are not requested through CAN reports
'Controlling flow paths' is critical in reducing the threat of being injured or killed by what type of fire?
'Wind Driven Fire'
What stage occurs when the main body of fire has been extinguished and all seven sides of the fire have been confirmed as having no fire extension or when extension has been controlled?
'Under Control'
What should be utilized for upper floor occupancies with long hand line stretches to quickly attack a fire?
Alternate means of egress such as ground ladders, aerial devices, fire escapes, etc.
What is the primary goal of a Quick Hit tactic?
To knock the fire down to allow entry
What is the main reason for maintaining door control after forcing open a door at a working fire?
To limit ventilation and help feed hose
What is the purpose of Fire Extension (or Extension) in firefighting?
To ensure that the fire has been completely extinguished
What are the main types of forcible entry tools used in firefighting?
Cutting tools, prying tools, striking tools, and pushing/pulling tools
What is the goal of uninterrupted water supply in firefighting?
To establish a reliable source for fire control
What is the role of a Key Pumper in firefighting?
To make a direct connection from a hydrant via the intake valve and then pump water to the Forward Engine
What are the conditions that may warrant a Quick Hit tactic in firefighting?
Fire companies have not yet made entry
What are the main factors that drive the decision on where to force entry in firefighting?
Tactics needed, stage of the fire, location of the fire or hazard, effort required to force entry
What are effective tools for fire extension (Extension) in firefighting?
TICs, pike poles, axes
What should be considered when deciding where to force entry in firefighting?
The development of a pessimistic IAP. The forecast of where the fire will be when attack efforts are in position to engage the fire. The estimated speed of fire progression.
What are water supply terms used in firefighting?
Forward Engine Key Pumper Key Stone Large Diameter Discharge
What are some important reminders for forcible entry in firefighting?
To maintain door control after forcing open a door at a working fire. To minimize damage by forcing doors only as conditions warrant. To anticipate using a saw for metal doors with security bars.
In firefighting, when is a Key Pumper almost always required?
When the fire requires more than 400 gpm
What should two responding engines attempt to do on the same hydrant in firefighting?
Level One
When should an engine announce which hydrant it has wrapped in firefighting operations?
When preparing to serve as the Key Pumper
What is ultimately responsible for managing attack positions in firefighting?
Command
What is the primary purpose of uninterrupted water supply early-on in firefighting incidents?
Extinguishing the fire
What is the key to effective attack positioning in firefighting according to the text?
Water
What does VEIS stand for in the context of firefighting?
Vent, Enter, Isolate, Search
Why is VEIS considered a high-risk tactic in firefighting?
It may draw fire towards the window
What is the main purpose of a safety observer during a VEIS operation?
To monitor conditions from the exterior
What type of buildings are most at risk from fires according to the text?
Vacant residential structures
What is the primary tactic of VEIS?
Isolating the room by closing its door
What is the most important consideration when sizing-up the search profile on a residential structure?
Information obtained from bystanders
What does the VEIS technique involve in a residential structure?
Isolating the room by closing its door
Why are TICs considered essential tools in firefighting?
They can predict potential changes due to ventilation
What should firefighters use as a specific search technique when firefighting conditions prevent access from other directions and clearing the exterior of a building?
VEIS technique
What should firefighters do when they open a window during VEIS?
Isolate the room by closing its door before searching
What is the primary reason for requesting a greater alarm in firefighting operations?
To cover life safety
In encountering larger, high density residential structures, what action is more effective according to the text?
Implement a 'protect in place' life safety operation
What should Command do when primary search companies encounter and remove victims?
Assign other companies to continue to cover the interior search positions vacated by those companies
What is the benchmark for primary search according to the text?
'All Clear'
When is primary search not conducted according to the text?
In areas with defensive fire conditions
What is the purpose of conducting a 360 during primary search?
To develop a search profile
What is the order of search priority according to the text?
'Fire floor, floor above the fire, remaining floors starting with the second to the top floor and work down'
'Oriented Search' is effective for conducting a room-to-room primary search in which conditions?
Low-visibility conditions
What should Search companies always have protection from during primary search?
Immediate area in case conditions deteriorate
When should Search be able to operate without its own hose line according to the text?
If Attack is conducting fire control in the immediate area
What is the main purpose of setting up a water shuttle operation?
To minimize the idle time of water shuttling apparatus
What is the primary consideration for selecting a fill site in a water shuttle operation?
The distance from the dump site
What is the best tactic used to address the Life Safety tactical priority in firefighting?
Protect in place strategy
What does the rescue order prioritize and manage in the hot zone during firefighting?
Initiating completion of offensive tactical priorities
What is the significance of leaving people indirectly exposed to a fire compartment behind a barrier of protection while fire crews control and ventilate the fire area?
Addressing the Life Safety tactical priority
When should all other tactical priorities be addressed according to the text?
After 'Fire Knocked Down' has been achieved and ventilation is initiated
What does Direct Connect involve in relation to the Forward Engine and the hydrant?
Connecting supply hose directly from engine to hydrant
'Controlling flow paths' is critical in reducing the threat of being injured or killed by what type of fire?
'Flashover'
What are some considerations en-route to the fire as per the guidelines?
The travel times to and from the fill site as they relate to supplying adequate fire flows.
Evacuation is the prompt removal of civilians from areas that are threatened by hazardous conditions such as fire and/or ______
smoke
Evacuation is typically assigned by the Incident Commander to remove people from occupancies with a high life ______
load
In the initial response to a working fire, the Incident Commander may be faced with more tasks than available ______
resources
Evacuation should start in locations closest to the fire or most ______
threatened
When civilians are evacuated, direct them out of the ______ area
hazard
When possible, designate an assembly ______
area
Fire research has conclusively demonstrated that the current fuel loads found in present day structure fires quickly consumes all the available ______ in the fire compartment and becomes “ventilation controlled”.
oxygen
The process of fire extinguishment starts the ventilation process by cooling (contracting) the hot gases in the compartment. After knockdown, the continued water application to the exposed heated surfaces greatly accelerates this ______.
process
Wind speeds of over 6-8 MPH will overpower most hydraulic and mechanical ventilation. When high winds are present, upwind horizontal openings should be utilized as your highpressure inlet points, while consciously controlling the appropriate low-pressure ______(s).
outlet
Positive Pressure Ventilation has been documented to create wind speeds of up to 6- 8 MPH flowing through an exhaust ______.
opening
An example when an IC may assign a dedicated RIT would be when a building is deemed an Extremely Dangerous ______.
Structure
Most frequently, firefighters in distress are rescued by those around them. On Deck” is defined as: a “forward staging” position located immediately outside the hot ______.
zone
The On Deck deployment model greatly assists an IC with managing hot zone units work/rest cycles and their air ______.
supplies
Once a crew is assigned to an On-Deck position, they are first and foremost a Rapid Intervention Team (RIT) until they are given an assignment into the hot ______.
zone
Crews must be intact with full PPE, bring as many spare air cylinders as possible, and the RIT ______.
bag
The order would sound like this, “E-5 from Command, go On Deck on the Charlie side, Engine 1 is your accountability ______.”
location
A crew assigned to an On Deck position will need to park their apparatus in a manner that doesn’t block access to the ______.
scene
On Deck crews must remain intact, in a ready state, and monitor the tactical channel at all ______.
times
On deck crews must also size up the area that they are assigned to, this size up should include: Locating the ______ entrance/exit points in their assigned area
structure’s
Unit ID of crews operating inside the structure Approximate location of interior crews Identify which crews are operating each ______ line
hose
When an on-deck crew is used as a relief crew, the Company Officer should do a face to face and transfer information with the officer exiting the ______.
structure
Good customer service can make a tremendous impact. Occupant Services provides direct assistance to fire victims. Once the need for Occupant Services is established, the Incident Commander will designate an individual or fire company as Occupant ______.
Services
Designate an area in the cold zone to meet the needs of displaced citizens. For apartments, the office area is usually effective. Request law enforcement to liaison and assist as needed. As occupants arrive, identify: Name, telephone number (head of household only) and number of occupants (including ______).
pets
Consider requesting VIA buses for emergency sheltering from ______ weather. Liaison with building management and/or Red Cross (210-224-5151) to meet the needs of displaced citizens.
inclement
Salvage includes the activities required to stop direct and indirect fire damage in addition to those required to minimize the effects of ______ operations.
firefighting
Salvage operations must be aimed at controlling loss by the most ______ means.
expedient
Stop or reduce the source of damage Protect or remove contents Command will provide for salvage at all fires or other incidents posing potential damage to ______.
property
Salvage operations often involves smoke removal and covering building contents with salvage covers or ______.
plastic
The goal of overhaul is to reduce the incidence of secondary fires, control loss, and stabilize the incident scene while providing for firefighter ______.
safety
Floor, wall, or ceiling areas showing evidence of extensive decomposition due to fire exposure should be thoroughly examined during ______.
overhaul
Rehab is an assignment to a rehab location where units will be medically evaluated, rehydrated, and replenished. Rehab should operate on the channel assigned and will inform the command post when they are set up and ready to receive crews. The IC or Logistics will inform the rehab unit where to set up on the incident site. Refer to the SAFD Rehab Policy for additional information and direction. DGSs and company officers working in hazard zones are responsible for monitoring the welfare of their personnel at all times and determine if D/G recycling or rehab is appropriate. When rehab is appropriate, the DGS or the Company officer will notify the IC of a status change and the re-assignment of a unit(s) to Rehab. The IC must notify the Rehab Manager of all units who are reassigned to Rehab. Units assigned to rehab must do a face to face with the Rehab Manager when arriving to rehab and deliver the company’s passport. The Rehab Manager will notify the CP when each individual unit arrives to the Rehab location. This will prevent the IC from losing accountability of a Company In-Transit to the rehab location. Once rehab is completed, units can be assigned back to the incident scene through the Rehab Manager. Units may also be demobilized. If this is the case, the Rehab Manager will confirm with the IC that the company is being placed back into service and will return the company’s passport when they leave the rehab area. When a company will be re-assigned back to an active D/G, the Rehab Manager will return the unit’s passport and give them the following information: 1. TLO (Task, Location, and Objectives). 2. The DGS to whom they are reporting. 3. The tactical channel on which they are to operate.
dog
Recycle Companies operating within a D/G will require the refilling of air bottles at predictable time frames. Recycling is defined as: a timely and efficient means of air bottle replacement. If conditions permit, a company’s work cycle could be up to 2 to 3 air cylinders. In order to maintain a steady stream of resource in critical D/Gs, crews should recycle in a timely manner. Companies recycling will maintain crew integrity, refill their air supply, re-hydrate, then report back to their DGS or the IC that they are ready to go back to work. Company Officers should forecast the length of time they will be working in an assigned D/G and should bring spare air cylinders. This will enable a company to recycle close to their D/G lo______ion in a timely manner when a Mobile Air Compressor (MAC) is not available in their D/G or area. The DGS may need to request additional resources to replace on deck crews or have recycled crews assume va______ed on deck positions. DGSs and Company Officers are responsible for monitoring the welfare of their personnel at all times and determining if D/G recycling or rehab is appropriate.
cat
Units assigned to rehab must do a face to face with the Rehab Manager when arriving to rehab and deliver the company’s ______.
passport
The Rehab Manager will notify the CP when each individual unit arrives to the Rehab location to prevent the IC from losing accountability of a Company In-Transit to the rehab location. Once rehab is completed, units can be assigned back to the incident scene through the Rehab Manager. Units may also be ______.
demobilized
When a company will be re-assigned back to an active D/G, the Rehab Manager will return the unit’s ______ and give them the following information: 1. TLO (Task, Location, and Objectives). 2. The DGS to whom they are reporting. 3. The tactical channel on which they are to operate.
passport
Recycle Companies operating within a D/G will require the refilling of air bottles at predictable time frames. Recycling is defined as: a timely and efficient means of air bottle ______.
replacement
If conditions permit, a company’s work cycle could be up to 2 to 3 air ______.
cylinders
In order to maintain a steady stream of resource in critical D/Gs, crews should recycle in a timely ______.
manner
Companies recycling will maintain crew integrity, refill their air supply, re-hydrate, then report back to their DGS or the IC that they are ready to go back to work. Company Officers should forecast the length of time they will be working in an assigned D/G and should bring spare air ______. This will enable a company to recycle close to their D/G location in a timely manner when a Mobile Air Compressor (MAC) is not available in their D/G or area.
cylinders
Elements of a roof report include: Features indicating fire involvement such as smoke coming from roof vents, skylights, or wall edges. Temperature differences identified with a ______. Presence of sagging. Presence of fire walls. High loads such as HVAC units, solar panels, etc.
TIC
The actions associated with softening the structure include: Identify the location and the number of fire personnel operating inside. Estimate where the greatest risk may occur. Assess possible points of egress and remove any obstacles (including hose). These include burglar bars and boards over windows and doors. Be cautious that these actions might impact the ______ path.
flow
When committing personnel to interior operations, the IC must be prepared to adjust the IAP, including transitioning to a defensive strategy, if conditions do not improve. Perform 360 and give a follow up radio report. Declare an Extremely Dangerous Structure. Assign a roof report Evaluate and request additional resources as needed. Establish a larger On Deck pool. Consider selecting a larger diameter line. Select an entry closest to the ______.
fire
The important condition to recognize is a working fire with the presence of high winds. We will either have a wind driven fire or a potential wind driven fire. One of the frequent causes of a wind driven fire is the sudden failure of a window from high heat or unplanned ventilation. This can transform a “normal fire” into a wind driven fire in seconds. Wind blowing into the high pressure side will accelerate as it flows through the structure. If there is not an established ______ path, it can over-pressurize the room and create dangerous fire growth.
flow
Firefighter safety is the most important consideration in Risk Management. Best Practices: When committing personnel to interior operations, the IC must be prepared to adjust the IAP, including transitioning to a defensive strategy, if conditions do not improve. Perform 360 and give a follow up radio report. Declare an Extremely Dangerous Structure. Assign a roof report Evaluate and request additional resources as needed. Establish a larger On Deck pool. Consider selecting a larger diameter ______.
line
Wind blowing into the high pressure side will accelerate as it flows through the structure. If there is not an established flow path, it can over-pressurize the room and create dangerous fire ______.
growth
The IC will designate a DGS. No one will enter without a clear Task, Location, and ______.
Objective
What should be done if smoke, fire, or water is found while conducting Phase I operations?
report
What is the goal of uninterrupted water supply in firefighting?
control
What should be considered when deciding where to force entry in firefighting?
hazards
What should be done before using an elevator car during Phase II operation?
inspect
Study Notes
- Fire development goes through four stages: Incipient, Growth, Fully Developed, and Decay. Flashover is not a stage but a rapid transition between Growth and Fully Developed.
- Recognizing these stages helps predict what may occur, anticipate changes due to ventilation, and assess the effects of tactical actions.
- The Incipient Stage: occurs immediately after ignition, with no significant impact beyond the fire's immediate vicinity. Smoke has not affected visibility. Civilians can breathe normally and escape easily. Heat is relatively low. Factors affecting extinguishability include fuel proximity and oxygen accessibility.
- The Growth Stage: fire becomes self-sufficient, generating enough heat for a positive feedback loop. Smoke becomes visible above the fire, and the room temperature increases. Windows start to brown and crack, with condensation no longer visible. This is the shortest stage and often ends in flashover.
- The Fully Developed Stage: fire reaches its hottest point and engulfs all available fuel sources. This is the most dangerous stage due to intense heat. Fire is fought from a distance.
- The Decay Stage: fire runs out of either oxygen or fuel and is in the longest stage. Carcinogens remain in the environment.
- Heat Release Rate (HRR) and Heat Flux: HRR is the rate at which heat is produced, measured in kW or MW. HRR affects the speed of fire spread. Heat Flux is the amount of heat transferred per unit area, typically measured in kW/m2. Synthetic materials increase the potential energy of both construction and consumer products and reduce the time to flashover.
- Flow Path: refers to the movement of heat and smoke from higher to lower air pressure locations. Every opening in a fire structure is a potential flow path, affecting the fire's growth and the firefighters' safety.
- Unidirectional Flow Path: 100% inlet or outlet, indicating wind-driven fire or potential fire on different levels.
- Bidirectional Flow Path: operating as both an inlet and outlet, most likely indicating fire on the same level.
- Controlling Flow Paths: understanding flow paths helps reduce the risk of injury or death in a wind-driven or potential wind-driven fire. Proper size-up and door control are essential.
- Ventilation-Limited Fire: occurs when the fire grows is limited by the available air. This can be extremely dangerous for firefighters.
- Fuel-Controlled Fire: early stage fires can become fuel-controlled when insufficient combustible material is present and the heat release rate remains low.
- Reading Smoke: comparing smoke attributes Volume, Velocity, Density, and Color can help predict the fire's behavior and locate the fire. Turbulent smoke or smoke filling a box can indicate imminent flashover. Same color, density, and velocity from multiple openings can mean a deep-seated fire in walls, floors, or basement.
Test your knowledge on the different stages of fire development: Incipient, Growth, Fully Developed, and Decay. Learn about flashover, heat release rate, flow paths, ventilation-limited fires, controlling flow paths, and reading smoke attributes to predict fire behavior.
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