Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

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What is the basis of vaccines and medicines for infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, as demonstrated by Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty?

The recognition of virusridden cells by T-cells, which requires the recognition of both foreign substances and certain substances from the body's own cells.

What is the role of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL1 in the immune system, as discovered by James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo?

They act as 'brakes' on the immune system, which can be exploited in cancer therapy.

What did Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann discover about the immune system?

They discovered how innate immunity is activated.

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system, as discovered by Ralph M. Steinman?

They play a crucial role in adaptive immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition required for T-cells to kill virus-ridden cells?

T-cells must recognize both the foreign substances (viruses) and certain substances from the body's own cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the discovery of Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty in 1973?

It provided an important basis for vaccines and medicines for infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Who shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Ehrlich for their work on immunity?

Unidentified person (from the text) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?

To neutralize substances foreign to the body and microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Peter Medawar's experiment in 1951, where he transplanted tissue between mouse fetuses without rejection?

It showed the importance of acquired immunological tolerance during the fetus stage for successful organ transplants Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle underlying the production of monoclonal antibodies, as discovered by the Nobel laureates in 1984?

Specificity in development and control of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

How does Susumu Tonegawa's discovery in 1976 explain the vast diversity of antibodies?

Through the redistribution of genes in a cell during its development into an antibody-producing B lymphocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?

To form antibodies that neutralize substances foreign to the body and microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960 for their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance?

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty's research in immunology?

Not specified in the provided text Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited as the premier physician of Islam and proposed the theory of acquired immunity?

Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya) Signup and view all the answers

What was the theory of Girolamo Fracastoro regarding the transmission of diseases?

Germs transferred between persons causing fermentation in a given organ/humor. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant contribution of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to the field of immunology?

Introducing inoculation as a means of preventing smallpox in England in 1722. Signup and view all the answers

Who is often termed the founder of immunology and what was his contribution?

Edward Jenner, who developed the first reliable method of providing lasting immunity to a major contagious disease (smallpox) through vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

What was the method used by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to protect her children against smallpox?

Inoculation Signup and view all the answers

What was the theory of Rhazes regarding the cause of smallpox?

Smallpox induced fermentation of the blood to expel excess moisture. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to be vaccinated by Edward Jenner?

James Phipps, an 8-year-old boy Signup and view all the answers

What was the source of the material used by Edward Jenner to vaccinate James Phipps?

The arm of the milkmaid, Sara Nelmes, who was suffering from cowpox. Signup and view all the answers