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Questions and Answers
Cross-protection is a type of induced resistance that develops in plants against animal viruses.
False
Cross-protection is most effective among phylogenetically distinct strains of the same virus.
False
Cross-protection was described by Thung and Salaman about fifty years ago.
False
Mild strain cross-protection (MSCP) involves immunizing host plants with a severe strain of a virus.
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has been successfully controlled by cross-protection in several parts of the world.
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Cross-protection involves the prior immunization of host plants with a mild strain to defend against a challenge by a severe strain of the same plant virus.
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Oligochitosan has been proven to have virus destruction only in specific plant species.
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Lipopeptides are primarily synthesized by plants.
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The lipopeptides produced by Bacillus spp. inhibit plant pathogens by inducing and establishing the plant defense apparatus in defense-related systems recognized as ISR.
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B. amyloliquefaciens S499 releases ribonucleases to inhibit virus reproduction.
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Small concentrations of ribonucleases have antiviral properties and degrade viral RNA.
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The treatment with the B. amyloliquefaciens MBI600 strain induced host resistance to PVY and TSWV in S. lycopersicum.
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Rubisco is essential for nitrogen fixation in plants.
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Cytosine peptidemycin is extracted from Streptomyces ahygroscopicus.
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GP-1 from Streptomyces sp. ZX01 has a 90% anti-TMV rate at 1 mg mL$^{-1}$ concentration.
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Peroxidase is a defensive enzyme that plays a role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.
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S. pactum Act12 induces ISR against TYLCV in S. lycopersicum.
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Sulfated polysaccharides from red algae have effective virucidal properties.
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RNA silencing is not considered a debated cross-protection mechanism
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The use of gene-silencing methods, such as CRISPR/Cas9, has been employed to activate antiviral responses in plants against DNA viruses
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Fungal compounds from Coriolus versicolor have been found to be effective against ZYMV infections
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Alkaloids from Trichoderma harzianum have been shown to exhibit antiviral functions through induced systemic resistance in plants
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The actinomycete group is not a valuable source of antibiotics for crop protection
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Ningnanmycin triggers the expression of NPR1 and Jaz3, which prevent TMV CP expression
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Expression of the PAC1 gene from Schizosacharomyces pombe in soybean crop causes a significantly higher concentration of Soybean mosaic virus in SMV-free soybean plants.
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Approximately one-third of transgenic tobacco clones expressing the baRNase gene from B. amyloliquefaciens show complete resistance to ToLCV infection.
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High bacterial RNase activity in B. thuringiensis B-6066, Bacillus sp. TS2, Bacillus sp. STL-7, and B. subtilis 26D, along with the enormous capacity to colonize internal plant tissues, reduces viral disease incidence and severity.
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PGPR help other microbes to improve plant growth promotion or suppress pathogens.
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PAMPs such as flagellin and lipopeptides of endophytic bacteria or viruses, as well as the coat protein (CP) of a virus, are recognized by plant cells.
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ISR involves jasmonate and ethylene signaling, which stimulates defense responses against diverse plant pathogens.
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Study Notes
- Expression of pac1 ribonuclease gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe improves resistance to CMV, ToMV, PVY, and TSWV in chrysanthemum, tobacco, and impatiens plants.
- Expression of bacterial double-strand-specific RNase gene induces resistance to some viruses in tobacco plants.
- Endophytic strains with RNase-producing ability inhibit virus spread and affect viral symptom expression.
- High endophytic rates and RNase activity bacterial strains, such as Bacillus sp. TS2 and B. subtilis 26D, used for biocontrol agent development.
- Several viral infections, like PVS + PVY and PVM + PVY, hasten plant impairment compared to a sole virus infection.
- High bacterial RNase activity in B. thuringiensis B-6066, Bacillus sp. TS2, Bacillus sp. STL-7, and B. subtilis 26D, along with the enormous capacity to colonize internal plant tissues, reduces viral disease incidence and severity.
- Bacillus spp. lessen Leptinotarsa decemlineata egg clusters and larvae number, revealing antifeedant activity on treated plants.
- Bacterial species such as B. pumilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. licheniformis produce nucleases that cleave viral nucleic acids.
- Viral particles in TMV-infected tobacco plants were shown to be cleaved by Pseudomonas putida A3 and B. pumilus 7P/3-19.
- RNase activity in several potato cultivars strongly associates with resistance to PVX, PVY, PVM, and PVS.
- Expression of the PAC1 gene from Schizosacharomyces pombe in soybean crop causes a significantly higher concentration of Soybean mosaic virus in SMV-free soybean plants.
- Nicotiana benthamiana plants with CRISPR/Cas13 a cassette that includes class 2 type VI-A RNase are extremely resistant to Turnip mosaic virus.
- Approximately one-third of transgenic tobacco clones expressing the baRNase gene from B. amyloliquefaciens show complete resistance to ToLCV infection.
- Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance yield sustainability, growth promotion, and defend plants from invading pathogens.
- PGPR help other microbes to improve plant growth promotion or suppress pathogens.
- PAMPs such as flagellin and lipopeptides of endophytic bacteria or viruses, as well as the coat protein (CP) of a virus, are recognized by plant cells.
- Plant defense reactions with rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in phytohormone composition, and synthesis of metabolites, including defensive genes, are developed in response to viral infection.
- Enterobacter asburiae activates the TYLCV resistance and lowers disease rates against ToMoV in S. lycopersicum plants.
- Some rhizobacteria interacting with plant roots result in resistance to bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and this phenomenon is called ISR.
- ISR involves jasmonate and ethylene signaling, which stimulates defense responses against diverse plant pathogens.
- PGPRs protect plants primarily from CMV infection by inducing natural resistance against the invading pathogen.
- PGPRs induce systemic resistance through the ethylene and jasmonic acid ISR pathway or the salicylic acid-dependent SAR pathway.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the NNM antibiotic and its effects on plant photosynthesis. This quiz covers topics such as the impact of NNM on Rubisco concentration and its ability to alleviate photosynthesis injury in virus-affected plants.
