Ninja PRITE Part 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the characteristic lesions seen in CT scans of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning associated with comas?

Globus pallidus

What will an MRI of the head show in a 68-year-old patient who is depressed following hip surgery with symptoms including dysarthria and weakness?

Periventricular white matter demyelination

What is the diagnosis for a patient with adult LP showing an opening pressure of 190, protein level of 110, glucose of 27, and leukocytes at 5,000?

Bacterial meningitis

What is the diagnosis for a 75-year-old male veteran with gradual cognitive decline, slurred speech, and a lumbar puncture showing 35 WBC and elevated protein?

Neurosyphilis Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by the inability to carry out motor activities on verbal command despite intact comprehension?

Apraxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis?

Enteric virus Signup and view all the answers

What roles does the cerebellum play in the human adult brain?

Diverse roles in movement, behavior, and learning Signup and view all the answers

What does the brain autopsy show for a 25-year-old male with severe symptoms such as akinetic mutism and seizures?

Diffuse amyloid plaques, spongiform neuronal degeneration, and severe astrogliosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely medical cause of personality changes and olfactory and gustatory hallucinations?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely causative organism for a 52-year-old patient with severe headache and symptoms suggesting meningitis, along with specific LP findings?

Cryptococcus neoformans Signup and view all the answers

Where will damage show on MRI for a patient with 26 y.o. who presents with hand clumsiness and intention tremor?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

The mesolimbic dopamine pathway includes which structure?

Ventral Striatum Signup and view all the answers

Cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens reside in which area of the brain?

Ventral Tegmental Area Signup and view all the answers

Neural plasticity largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology of which structures?

Dendritic Spines Signup and view all the answers

The uncinated fasciculus connects which brain areas?

Anterior Temporal and Ventral Pre-frontal Regions Signup and view all the answers

What are cortical columns?

Functional Units for Information Processing Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal emotional expressions like pathological laughter or crying are caused by lesions affecting connections between frontal cortex, pons, and what other structure?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to light affects which brain structure?

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

When does synaptogenesis peak?

First 4 Years of Life Signup and view all the answers

Where does neuron morphology in the brain change the most?

Prefrontal Cortex Signup and view all the answers

Threatening objects produce a startle response prior to conscious awareness by connecting the thalamus to what?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

Huntington's disease is characterized by the loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Adult neurogenesis occurs in which area of the brain?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

A 17 y.o. is evaluated for binge eating associated with weight gain. A craniopharyngioma likely disrupts what structure?

Ventromedial Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is an accurate statement about the brain's default mode network?

Is Involved in Reprocessing Previously Experienced Stimuli Signup and view all the answers

The most likely reason adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking is due to what process?

Synaptic Pruning Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?

Working Memory Signup and view all the answers

Drug abuse activates neurocircuits. Where does it generate signals and dopamine?

Into the Nucleus Accumbens Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of left-handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language?

75% Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of what?

Adenosine Signup and view all the answers

Which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?

Endocannabinoids Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of acetylcholine receptors in the cerebral cortex?

Both Inhibitory and Excitatory Signup and view all the answers

What is the neurohormone for social bonding?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What will CSF show in a patient with an ovarian mass and antibodies to NMDA receptors?

NMDA Receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the rewarding nature of drug abuse?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycine at NMDA receptors?

Obligate Coagonist Signup and view all the answers

Low CSF levels of which neurotransmitter metabolite are associated with suicidality?

5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid (5-HIAA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of the 5HT3 receptor?

Ligand Gated Signup and view all the answers

Pain by neurogenic inflammation is mediated by which substance?

Substance P Signup and view all the answers

Decreased levels of which neurotransmitter are most associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, and poor impulse control?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Psychological stress increases cortisol. Which hormone's increase is correlated with decreased PTSD severity due to its anti-glucocorticoid properties?

DHEA Signup and view all the answers

What dysfunction is indicated by unsteady gait and appendicular ataxia with normal eye movement?

Cerebellar Degeneration (Alcoholic) Signup and view all the answers

Visual problems from a pituitary tumor compressing the optic chiasm lead to what?

Bitemporal Hemianopsia Signup and view all the answers

A 60 y.o. right-handed male who is getting lost and has left-sided hemi-neglect likely has a lesion where?

Right Parietal Lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer has the highest likelihood of metastasizing to the brain?

Lung Signup and view all the answers

A 66 y.o. with anxiety and mild impairment of upgaze most likely has what diagnosis?

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of vertical gaze impairment, mild rigidity, and bradykinesia, the diagnosis is likely what?

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Signup and view all the answers

A patient with right-side clumsiness and intention tremors on MRI shows damage where?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 9 y/o with unexplained laughter who has recently started menstruating, likely diagnosis?

Hypothalamic Hamartoma Signup and view all the answers

In a 5 y/o with morning headaches, vomiting, and recent gait problems, a likely diagnosis is?

Medulloblastoma Signup and view all the answers

In a 70 y/o who has flaccid paralysis post water intoxication, the likely diagnosis is?

Central Pontine Myelinolysis Signup and view all the answers

In elderly patients with confusion and seizures with serum sodium of 95 mEq/L, may develop what complication?

Central Pontine Myelinolysis Signup and view all the answers

In a young adult who gained weight and has severe headaches but normal brain CT, what is the goal of treatment?

Prevent Blindness Signup and view all the answers

Superior homonymous quadrantic defects in visual fields are due to lesions in which structure?

Temporal Optic Radiations Signup and view all the answers

In a severe occipital headache with bilaterally elevated opening pressure in the lumbar puncture, likely condition is?

Pseudotumor Cerebri Signup and view all the answers

In an elderly patient with exaggerated startle response, the diagnosis is likely what?

Spongiform Encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

Signs of lesions in one cerebellar hemisphere manifest as what?

Disturbance of Skilled Movements in the Extremities Ipsilateral to the Lesion Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of upper motor neuron lesion?

Hyperactive DTR Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a patient showing perseveration during clock draw test?

Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Where is the optimal location for deep brain stimulation electrodes in Parkinson's treatment?

Subthalamic Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

In which brain structure is deep brain stimulation useful for primary generalized dystonia?

Globus Pallidus Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of meningitis associated with fever, headache, and pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance?

Coxsackie Virus Signup and view all the answers

Lesions in mammillary bodies produce what symptom?

Amnesia, Confabulation, Lack of Insight Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with several days of fever and confusion, what likely diagnosis is indicated by hyperintensity of the left temporal region on MRI?

Herpes Encephalitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common solid tumor of the CNS in kids?

Neuroblastoma Signup and view all the answers

What would CT show after removal of CSF in a 75 y.o. patient with cognitive decline?

Enlargement of the Frontal Horns Signup and view all the answers

In a 41 y.o. patient with chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment, what is the likely diagnosis?

Multiple Sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis for a 25 y.o. presenting with severe headaches and vomiting but with a normal brain CT?

Pseudotumor Cerebri Signup and view all the answers

Histology for Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease shows what?

Cytosolic Vacuolation of Neurons and Glia with Prion Inclusions Signup and view all the answers

A 32 y.o. patient with worsening headaches and episodic hallucinations likely has a tumor where?

Temporal Lobe Signup and view all the answers

Benign intracranial hypertension may be caused by what condition?

Hypervitaminosis A Signup and view all the answers

Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation?

Brainstem Signup and view all the answers

Delayed neurological deterioration following carbon monoxide-induced coma is most likely manifested by what condition?

Parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with right-side vision issues, what is likely to develop later?

Multiple Sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which finding is most reliable in CSF analysis for a patient with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis?

Presence of Oligoclonal Bands Signup and view all the answers

What condition is a recognized forerunner of multiple sclerosis?

Transverse Myelitis Signup and view all the answers

What indicates difficulty with upward gaze and severe axial rigidity in an elderly patient?

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Signup and view all the answers

A patient with confusion, lethargy, and seizure has a serum sodium level of 95 mEq/L. What is likely?

Central Pontine Myelinolysis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cerebellum and Motor Control

Damage in the cerebellum can be visualized on MRI, correlating with signs such as clumsiness and intention tremors.
Rapid alternating movements, dysmetria, and overt tremor indicate cerebellar dysfunction.

Dopaminergic Pathways

The mesolimbic dopamine pathway includes the ventral striatum, crucial for reward processing.
Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is facilitated by projections from the ventral tegmental area, playing a significant role in addiction.

Neural Plasticity

Dendritic spines are key components mediating neural plasticity through structural changes.

Brain Connectivity

The uncinated fasciculus connects the anterior temporal and ventral pre-frontal regions, instrumental in emotional regulation and cognition.

Information Processing

Cortical columns serve as functional units for processing information within the cortex.

Emotional Responses

Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter are linked to lesions affecting the cortical-subcortical circuits including the cerebellum.

Circadian Rhythm

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the brain structure primarily affected by light exposure, regulating circadian rhythms.

Developmental Neuroscience

Synaptogenesis peaks in the first four years of life, underlining the significance of early brain development.
The prefrontal cortex undergoes substantial morphological changes, emphasizing its role in higher cognitive functions.

Startle Response and Fear

The connection between the thalamus and the amygdala is pivotal for the startle response initiated by perceived threats.

Neurotransmitter Dynamics

Huntington's disease is characterized by the loss of GABA-producing neurons.
Adult neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus, highlighting its capacity for regeneration.

Hypothalamic Functions

Craniopharyngioma in a young patient disrupts the ventromedial hypothalamus, affecting appetite and weight.

The Default Mode Network

The brain's default mode network is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli, essential for memory consolidation.

Synaptic Pruning

Synaptic pruning enhances abstract thinking capabilities in adolescents, marking a critical developmental stage.

Cognitive Function and Memory

The dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex is vital for working memory, supporting executive function tasks.

Neurohormonal Influences

Oxytocin functions as a neurohormone for social bonding, impacting interpersonal relationships.

Autoimmune Neurology

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presents with psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and ovarian masses in young women.

Reward Mechanisms

Dopamine is intricately linked to the rewarding nature of drug abuse, driving addictive behaviors.

Neurotransmitter Characteristics

Endocannabinoids function as retrograde neurotransmitters, influencing synaptic transmission.

Pain Pathways

Substance P is crucial for mediating pain via neurogenic inflammation processes.

Mood Disorders

Low levels of serotonin are associated with depressive symptoms, indicating its role in mood regulation.

Stress Physiology

DHEA is a hormone correlated with reduced PTSD severity due to its anti-glucocorticoid properties.

Cerebellar Disorders

Cerebellar degeneration presents with unsteady gait and appendicular ataxia, often related to alcohol use.

Visual Field Deficits

A pituitary tumor can cause bitemporal hemianopsia due to compression of the optic chiasm.

Cognitive Decline

Right parietal lobe lesions can manifest in left-sided hemispatial neglect, affecting awareness of the environment.

Tumor Metastasis

Lung cancer has the highest likelihood of metastasizing to the brain, significant in clinical considerations.

Movement Disorders

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by postural instability, cognitive changes, and ocular abnormalities.

Pediatric Tumors

Medulloblastoma presents with symptoms common in children, including headaches and gait issues.

Meningitis

Coxsackie virus can cause viral meningitis, characterized by elevated lymphocytes in CSF.

Cognitive Impairment in Infections

Hepatitis C infection can lead to cognitive impairments, reinforcing the importance of neurological evaluation in systemic infections.

Immune Responses

The presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF is a reliable indicator for multiple sclerosis diagnosis.

Neurological Disorders

Spongiform encephalopathy is characterized by myoclonus and cognitive decline, associated with prion diseases.

Diagnostic Indicators

Characteristics such as gradual cognitive decline and personality changes can indicate neurological tumors, particularly in the frontal lobe.

Hydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus presents with gait abnormalities, urine incontinence, and cognitive decline.

Neurodegeneration

Hippocampal atrophy is found in several disorders, including major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and PTSD.

Substance Management

Treatment for pseudotumor cerebri focuses on preventing blindness due to elevated intracranial pressure.

Memory Disorders

Amnesia and confabulation may arise from lesions in the mammillary bodies, impacting memory processing.

Vasculitis and Infections

Bacterial meningitis causes elevated leukocytes, signaling severe infection requiring immediate attention.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from the Ninja PRITE exam with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential topics such as the cerebellum, mesolimbic dopamine pathways, and addiction neuroscience. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of critical neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.