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superficial layer of the eyeball

2 parts of the fibrous tunic

3 layers of the eyeball

the “white of the eye”

covers the entire eyeball except the cornea; gives shape to the eyeball

opening in the junction of the sclera and cornea

parts of vascular tunic

anterior position of the vascular tunic: dark brown in color because it contains melanin- producing melanocytes

produce the pigment melanin

present in choroid that absorbs stray light rays which prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball

2 parts of cilliary body

extends from the cilliary process that attach to the lens

protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the cilliary body

circular band of smooth muscles

changes the tightness of the zonular fibers which alters the shape of the lens, adapting it for near far vision

highly vascularized that is located at the posterior portion of the vascular tunic

colored portion of the eyeball and is shaped like flatten donut

suspended between the cornea and lens

it regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil

hole in the center of the iris; appears black because of heavily pigmented back of the eye (choroid and retina)

regulate pupil diameter in response to light levels

third and inner layer of the eyeball

parts of retina

site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball

branch of ophthalmic artery

drains blood from the retina through the optic disc

sheet of melanin containg epithelial cells: located between the choroid and the neural part of retina

multilayered outgrowth of the brain

lies behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the eyeball

arranged like the layers of an onion that makes up the refractive media of the lens

focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision

two cavities which the lens has divided the interior of the eyeball

space anterior to the lens

lies between the cornea and the iris

lies behind the iris and lens

transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea

completely replaced about every 90 minutes

larger posterior cavity of the eyeball

transparent jellylike substance that holds the retina flush against the choroid

pressure in the eye and is produced mainly by the aqueous humor and partly by the vitreous body

bend at the junction between two substances

minimum distance from the eye

it occurs when viewing distant objects wherein the ciliary muscle of the ciliary body is relaxed and the lens is flatter because it is STRETCHED in all directions by taut zonular fibers

Visual Pathway

large region where the visual fields of the two eyes overlap

2 regions of the visual field of each eye

molecules in the air

space inside the nose

3 types of epithelial cells in lined with our nose

bipolar neurons that contain the olfactory cilia

hair like projections that have the receptors that arr stimulated by the odorants

these are columnar epithelial cells that provide physical support, nourishment, insulation to the olfactory receptor cells

these are stem cells that continually divide to produce new olfactory receptor cells

epithelium lining the nasal cavity

collection of axons from different cells

temporal part of the cerebral cortex where consciousness of smell begins

area of gray matter just below the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

sensory structures that detect taste stimuli

oval shaped body found in elevations on the tounge

elevations on the tongue

3 types of epithelial cells in a taste bud

these have microvilli that picks up the chemical stimuli from anything ingested

bring physical support to the gustatory receptor cells

stem cells located at the base which produce new supporting cells

conscious perception of taste arises

ability to percieve sound

create sound waves

collected by the auricle and pass through the external auditory canal toward the ear drum

area where sound recognition happens

position of the body in relation to gravity

maintenance of the body in response to sudden movement such as rotational movement

receptor organs for equilibrium

what is included in the vestibular apparatus

two chambers that contain a specialized epithelium called maculae

this i a specialized epithelium

a gelatinous mass, glycoprotein layer

layer of defense calcium carbonate crystals that extends over the entire surface of the otolithic membrane

3 semicircular ducts

two vertical ducts

horizontal duct

dilated portion of each duct

small elevation

covera the crista and a mass gelatinous material

known as emmetropic eye and can sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6 m (20ft) away

nearsightedness; eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens

these individuals can see close objects clearly, but not distant objects

these individual can see distant objects clearly, but not close ones

farsightedness; eyeball length is short relative to the focusing power of cornea and lens

either the cornea or the lens has an irregular curvature; as a result, parts of the image are out of focus, and thus vision is blurred or distorted

significant or total hearing loss

2 types of deafness

type of deafness where there is a damage of the hair cells in the cochlea or the nerves themselves

type of deafness wherein an impairment of the mechanism of the external and or middle ear caused by deafness

provide us with the conscious awareness of the position and movements of the head and limbs

small thickened region

2 kinds of cells that are consist in the maculae

ability to percieve the same scent decreases gradually

bone where nerves passes and divides the brain and the nasal cavity

ability to percieve stimuli

means by which the brain recieves information about the environment and the body

process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors

respond to stimuli by generating action potentials

2 divisions of senses

2 groups/division of senses