Next Generation Networks Overview
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According to the ITU, what is an NGN?

An NGN is a packet-based network able to provide telecommunication services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies.

What are the two main drivers for NGN deployment?

The two main drivers for NGN deployment are the adoption of the Internet as a networking platform for services worldwide and the availability of broadband Internet access with higher bit rates that enables the delivery of existing and new services over the Internet.

Which of the following are considered external drivers for NGN deployment?

  • Maturity of IP technology (correct)
  • Flat growth of voice market (correct)
  • Open standards and architectures (correct)
  • Massive access competition (correct)
  • Massive growth of data traffic (correct)

    • Which of the following are considered internal motivations for NGN deployment?

    <p>Replace of old platforms at their end of lifecycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fixed broadband internet access only refers to fiber connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mobile broadband internet access solely relies on 4G technologies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the IETF in NGN standardization?

    <p>The IETF defines standard Internet operating protocols, including crucial ones like TCP/IP, which are fundamental for NGN since the network is built upon IP networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ETSI in NGN standardization?

    <p>ETSI, through its technical committee TISPAN, has actively contributed to NGN standardization. This collaboration included close work with 3GPP on the development of mobile technologies and aligning specifications across different releases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The all-IP principle, which states that all networks have IP protocol on the networking layer, is a specific type of network like GSM, ADSL, or WiFi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NGN explicitly requires IP on the network layer end-to-end, which defines the all-IP network concept.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The core network in NGN can be based on different protocols, while the access network must be IP-based.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The all-IP principle in NGN relies on the interconnection of different networks using IP links.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In NGN, IP hides the lower protocol layers from upper layers, enabling a single network infrastructure and service platforms for fixed and wireless access.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of migration from PSTN/ISDN to NGN?

    <p>The main objective of migration from PSTN/ISDN to NGN is to move toward an all-IP network, replacing traditional circuit-switching technology for telephony with IP-based technologies. This aims to provide advanced functionalities, including QoS, for both traditional and real-time services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key entities in the evolutionary process from PSTN/ISDN to NGN?

    <p>Signaling network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migration from PSTN/ISDN to NGN involves replacing all existing POTS networks with new NGN network elements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NGN aims to provide only the same functionalities of PSTN/ISDN.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In NGN, how are the access and core network elements related?

    <p>While there are different access networks, including fixed and mobile ones, NGN achieves convergence in terms of the core network, which means a single IP-based core network integrates all of the different access networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered migration scenarios for the PSTN core network to NGN?

    <p>One step evolution to IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Call Server based scenario for PSTN core network migration to NGN typically involves replacing only the local exchanges (LEs).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the one-step approach to migration from PSTN/ISDN to NGN?

    <p>The one-step approach to migration from PSTN/ISDN to NGN involves replacing both local exchanges and transit exchanges with packet-based (IP-based) network nodes. This approach streamlines the process and directly transitions to a fully IP-based network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of signaling in NGN?

    <p>Signaling is crucial for NGN because it enables the exchange of control information, facilitating the establishment, maintenance, and termination of multimedia sessions, critical for a wide range of services provided over NGN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signaling protocols are standardized in NGN based on Internet technologies?

    <p>SIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of SIP in NGN?

    <p>SIP, a signaling protocol for IP networks, is crucial in NGN for establishing, maintaining, and terminating multimedia sessions, facilitating the seamless delivery of real-time services like voice, video conferencing, and other interactive applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is SIP considered a replacement for SS7 signaling?

    <p>SIP is seen as a replacement for SS7 in PSTN and PLMN because it provides a reliable and complete signaling solution for real-time services like voice in both fixed and mobile environments. This makes it a more efficient and versatile signaling protocol compared to SS7, which has historically been used in traditional telephone networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIP is solely confined to two-party sessions, and its applications are limited in NGN.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is SIP message exchange similar to HTTP?

    <p>SIP, like HTTP, is a text-based protocol that uses messages in a request/response manner for communication. This makes it a familiar communication model for developers who are already familiar with HTTP web communication protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six message types defined in SIP?

    <p>The six message types defined in SIP are INVITE, ACK, BYE, OPTIONS, CANCEL, and REGISTER. They are responsible for key tasks in session management like initiation, acknowledgment, termination, information retrieval, cancellation, and registration, enabling a comprehensive signaling framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIP is a protocol specifically designed for use over TCP.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the SIP signaling process.

    <p>SIP signaling involves a sequence of requests and acknowledgements exchanged between software agents, known as 'user agents,' acting on behalf of users or computer equipment. This exchange of messages enables the setup, management, and termination of multimedia sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H.323 is primarily used for video conferencing, while SIP is used for voice calls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SIGTRAN protocols?

    <p>SIGTRAN protocols are designed to provide a reliable datagram service and user-layer adaptations for signaling systems and ISDN communication protocols. In essence, they act as an intermediary between legacy signaling methods and the newer IP-based communication technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H.323 is a protocol that defines how real-time audio, video, and data information is transferred across packet-based networks, making it an essential component of NGN.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of H.248 protocol?

    <p>H.248, also known as Megaco, is a protocol that implements a media gateway control architecture. It facilitates the provision of telecommunication services across networks, including both traditional PSTN and modern packet-based networks, enabling a unified communication solution for diverse network types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diameter protocol was developed solely to enhance network access by addressing IP mobility and roaming scenarios.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diameter protocol is frequently used for AAA services in 3G, IMS, and 4G networks but not for network access and data mobility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Diameter protocol was specifically designed to solve issues encountered with its predecessor, the RADIUS protocol, in providing AAA services.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diameter has been widely adopted by various standards bodies, including the 3GPP and ETSTI, as a foundation for AAA services.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the Diameter protocol has evolved to support new communication needs.

    <p>Diameter has evolved to handle the challenges of modern communication needs, including policy control, dynamic rules, quality of service (QoS) management, bandwidth allocation, and new charging schemes. This flexible protocol can be adapted to meet the changing demands of the communication landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Diameter protocol can only be used with the original set of commands and attributes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    NGN Standards and Transition to NGN

    • Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are packet-based networks designed to provide telecommunications services to users.
    • NGNs utilize multiple broadband, quality-of-service (QoS)-enabled transport technologies, allowing service-related functions to be independent of the underlying transport technologies.
    • NGNs enable unfettered access for users to various networks and competing service providers, empowering user choice.

    Drivers and Motivation for NGN Deployment

    • External drivers and internal motivations drive operator NGN deployments.
    • Drivers:
      • Massive growth of data traffic
      • Flat growth of voice market
      • Massive access competition
      • Maturity of IP technology
      • Open standards and architectures
    • Operators' Motivation:
      • Develop new services easier and faster
      • Enhance flexibility
      • Reduce operational expenditures
      • Replace old platforms at their end of lifecycle

    NGN Drivers (Figure 3.1)

    • Several groups drive NGN development:
      • Broadband Internet access (fixed and mobile)
      • Convergence of ICT markets (toward the Internet)
      • Technological convergence (toward IP-based)
      • End-to-end QoS provisioning in the Internet
      • Transition from PSTN, PLMN, and TV broadcast networks to the Internet environment

    Fixed Broadband Internet Access

    • High-speed connectivity for public use (at least 256 Kbit/s in one or both directions).
    • Includes cable modem, DSL, fiber, and other fixed broadband technologies.
    • Characterized by copper and fiber-based systems.
    • Copper systems utilized twisted-pair cables.
    • Evolved to Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) via additional equipment at user premises and network side.

    Mobile Broadband Internet Access

    • Wireless technology connecting mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) to broadband Internet networks.
    • Established using 3G technologies (UMTS/HSPA, Mobile WiMAX 1.0) and further evolved with 4G (LTE-Advanced, Mobile WiMAX 2.0).
    • Enables users to access the internet regardless of location and time.

    Why is Broadband Internet Access a Driver to NGN?

    • a. The Internet itself is an adopted global networking platform for various services.
    • b. Broadband Internet access (with higher bit rates) provides a mechanism for delivering existing services (e.g., video on demand, video streaming) via the Internet.

    Standardization Synergy of IETF, 3GPP, and IEEE

    • Several other standardization organizations (like ETSI, ITU, IETF, 3GPP, and IEEE) have played important roles, both directly and indirectly.
    • Regional organizations (ETSI, CJK) and global organizations (ITU, IETF, 3GPP, IEEE) are key players in NGN standardization.
    • ITU leads global standardization and harmonization efforts.

    IETF Role

    • The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) defines standard Internet operating protocols (e.g., TCP/IP).
    • The major IETF Protocols are related to IP (IPV4 & IPV6), transport layer protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP, SCTP), routing protocols, VPNs, application technologies, and security protocols.
    • Important in NGN due to its standardization of key Internet technologies.

    ETSI Role

    • European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) maintains a technical committee (called TISPAN).
    • ETSI has collaborated closely with 3GPP on NGN standardization, mapping specifications between organizations.
    • ETSI's roles include base standard development, interoperability tests, test methods definition, & standardization requests.

    3GPP Role

    • The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has a critical role globally defining specs for 3G (UMTS) and 4G (LTE) mobile systems.
    • Key contributor to NGN standardization, particularly regarding common IMS specifications (in 3GPP Release 8 finished ~2009).
    • Standardizing LTE and system architectures in line with IP principle for the new access and core networks.

    IEEE Role

    • The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) provides standards for access networks, particularly in Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and wireless networks (IEEE 802.11, WiMAX).

    All-IP Network Concept for NGN

    • NGNs are fundamentally all-IP networks.
    • Evolved from PSTN and PLMN on one side and the best effort Internet on the other.
    • Designed to be a singular networking platform for existing and future services.

    Migration of PSTN Networks to NGN

    • Public Switched Telecommunication Network (PSTN) and its enhancements (ISDN) have increasingly migrated to all-IP networks.
    • QoS-enabled, real-time services are driving this transition.
    • Initial focus on replacing circuit-switched telephony capabilities with IP-based telephony.

    Evolution of PSTN/ISDN to NGN

    • Analyze different entities (transport networks, signaling networks, management, services) in PSTN/ISDN for migration.
    • Functionalities are typically spread across various network elements in NGN.

    Signaling Protocols for NGN

    • Signaling protocols (e.g., Diameter, SIP, H.323, SIGTRAN, H.248) are essential in NGNs.
    • Standardized by organizations to ensure reliable information exchange.
    • These protocols enable better multimedia communications, quality-of-service, and real-time services

    SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

    • Standardized Internet protocol used for signaling, establishing, maintaining, and terminating multimedia sessions.
    • Replaces older mechanisms like SS7 in PSTN/PLMN, now employed for real-time services (e.g., voice, video).

    H.323

    • ITU standard for multimedia communication over packet networks.
    • Covers call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control, and bandwidth/conference support.
    • Common use in VoIP, IP-based videoconferencing.

    SIGTRAN

    • Extension of the SS7 protocols that provide reliable datagram services over IP, particularly important for facilitating PSTN signaling over IP networks.
    • Based on the Internet Protocol and suitable for handling different kinds of multimedia applications.

    H.248

    • Media gateway control protocol that facilitates communication between public switched telephones and Internet-based networks.
    • Used to manage media gateway control across interconnected networks (e.g., traditional PSTNs, modern packet networks, Internet).

    Diameter

    • Authentication, authorization, and accounting protocol.
    • Designed by IETF to address issues in preceding protocols (e.g., RADIUS).
    • Used in application-centric network access management.

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