Next Future Scenario

• Cloud Computing is part of Magistrale in Informatica.
• Flavio De Paoli's email contact is [email protected].
• Michele Ciavotta's email is [email protected].
• Information can be found at http://inside.disco.unimib.it/.
• Introduction to Web of Things is provided by INSIDE&S Lab.
• INSIDE&S Lab has a website at http://inside.disco.unimib.it/.

Next Future Scenario

• Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are part of the next future scenario.
• Multi-energy stations are being applied now.
• EV car sharing is part of the future.
• Wind Farms will be updated.
• Battery storage systems are necessary.
• Next-generation vehicle center operation centers will be developed.
• Offshore wind farms are expanding.
• Environmentally-friendly designs are being implimented into new buildings.
• Regional EMS (Control centers) are necessary.
• Smart buildings will be linked through regional EMS.
• Mega Solar networks are coming into play.
• Biomass fuels are important as well.
• Small and medium smart buildings are being implimented.
• Electric buses will be used more often.

Smart Cities

• Cities are pillars towards sustainable societal development.
• In 2020, 55% of the world's population lived in urban areas, projected at 68% by 2050.
• Urban areas will grow by 2.5B people from 2018-2050..
• New urban built up area increases by 1.2M km^2 from 2020-2050.
• Generated in cities will increase by 80%
• Top 10 cities by GDP will generate $13.5T by 2035.
• Climate action targets: 40-55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 32% share for renewable energy.

Power Centers of the Global Economy

• Cities are the new power centers.
• In 2035, the top 10 cities by GDP: New York ($2.5T), Tokyo ($1.9T), Los Angeles ($1.5T), London ($1.3T), Shanghai ($1.3T), Beijing ($1.1T), Paris ($1.1T), Chicago ($1.0T), Guangzhou ($0.9T), Shenzhen ($0.9T),
• Total GDP of these cities combined is $13.5T.
• GDP in PPP for Top 10 richest metro areas vs Countries with a similar GDP-PPP: New York $1,492 (Canada $1,584), Tokyo $1,624 (South Korea $1,754), Beijing $664 (Sweden $469), London $831 (Netherlands $840), Seul $903 (Malaysia $817), Moscow $750 (UAE $641), Los Angeles $928 (Australia $1,101), Paris $819 (South Africa $726), Shanghai $810 (Philippines $744), Osaka $681 (Switzerland $518)

Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT handles communication and connectivity.
• Old defintions focused on connectivity and sensory requirements for entities involved in typical IoT environments
• New definitions focus on the need for ubiquitous and autonomous networks where identification and service integration are important.
• A dynamic global network infrastructure is a feature.
• Entities have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities.
• Self-configuring capabilities are important.
• Integration of intelligent interfaces are required.
• Standard and interoperable communication protocols are needed.
• Physical and virtual aspects have to be included.

IoT Definition

• IoT: a system of physical objects that can be discovered, monitored, controlled, or interacted with by electronic devices.
• These devices communicate via various networking interfaces and can be connected to the wider internet.
• IoT Systems: Automation connection to physical world, engagement to touch people and inside power digital business

System Trends

• Individual systems are moving to systems of systems.
• Complex distributed systems are ultra large, highly heterogeneous, and dynamic.
• Key domains: cyber-physical systems, smart cities, the smart grid, big data analytics, digital earth.
• Middleware plays a key role, residing between applications and services with underlying architecture and platform.
• Traditional middleware enhances portability, interoperability, and integrability.
• IoT and cloud computing have introduced unprecedented challenges for scale, dependability, and security.

"Thing" Definition

• Smart things, or Things, are physical objects that are digitally augmented with one or more of the following: sensors, actuators, computation, communication interfaces.

Limitations of IoT

• Numerous incompatible protocols exist.
• Protocols are based on the transport layer or layers below (OSI 1-6), optimizing power and bandwidth.
• These protocols limit compatibility, especially when devices from different manufacturers are involved.
• Data and services integration from various devices is complex and costly.

IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things)

• IoT is for consumer or end-user purposes.
• IIoT is used for industrial purposes like manufacturing, monitoring, and supply chain management.
• IIoT Platform technology provides Device management, integration, data management, analytics, application enablement and security.
• IIoT creates automated tasks to manage IoT devices and gateways remotely, in bulk, or individually.
• For integration includes software, tools and technologies to minimally address integration requirements across cloud and on-premise implementations.
• Data management includes ingesting IoT endpoint and edge device data, also requires a sotring from edge to enterprise platforms. Providing data accessibility (by devices, IT, OT, and engineering technology [ET] systems, and external parties, when required). Also important is enforcing data and analytics governance policies to ensure quality, security, privacy, and currency of data
• The IIoT systems analyse data streams, such as device, enterprise and contextual data, to provide insights into asset state by monitoring use, providing indicators, tracking patterns and optimizing asset use.
• They also analyse, such as rule engines, event stream processing, data vissualization and machine learning. For analytics.
• Application enablement and management enables business applications in any deployment model to analyze data and accomplish IoT-related business functions.
• These platforms also provide "cloud scale" scalability and reliability, delivering IoT solutions quickly and seamlessly. Includes application platform as a service (aPaaS) comprised of Infrastructure components, application development, run time, management, digital twin and data thread templates. Core consists of software to manage the OS, files, and inputs/outputs of platform as a service. Security requires compliance software, actions and tools such as preventive and detective for data privact.

IoT Platforms

• IoT platforms are the support software connecting everything in an IoT system.
• They facilitate communication, data flow, device management, and application functionality.

IoT Market Forecast

• Global trends show an increasing number of connected IoT devices in billions.
• A breakdown by connectivity: Other, Wireless neighborhood area networks (WNAN), Cellular 5G IoT, Wired IoT, LPWA Cellular IoT (excl. 5G, LPWA), Wireless local area networks (WLAN), Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
• Market insights are available from IoT Analytics, updated in September 2024.

Architecture

• The reference architectural components are the Sensor, Actuator, Device, Gateway, IoT Integration Middleware, and Application.
• A Sensor captures information on the physical environment by responding to a physical stimulus.
• An Actuator manipulates the physical environment.
• A Device connects to Sensors/Actuators.
• A Gateway forwards communication between Devices and further systems, translating different protocols.
• IoT Integration acts as integration layer for kinds of Sensors, devices, application and actuators.

Web of Things

• Web of Things(WoT) enables data exchange with any physical object or device using standard HTTP requests.
• The W3C promotes WoT and has a website at https://www.w3.org/WoT/.

Web of Things Architecture

• WoT architecture aims to counter IoT fragmentation using standardized web technologies.
• WoT architecture extends web technologies to enable integration and re-usable building blocks.
• Web of Things (WoT) Architecture 1.1 is a W3C Recommendation as of December 5, 2023.
• WoT high level layers are systems integration Wot-a-Mashup, REST Crawler, HTML for the networked things.

Pros of WoT

• Abstraction helps reduce issues with lower level code.
• This can provide benefits such as prototpying, deployment and large scale systems.

Internet Evolution

• The Internet has evolved from Social Web to Real-Time and Programmable Web, driven by technologies.

Web of Things Implementation

• Web of Things are implemented under the Application Layer and by use of the OSI model.
• These include network process to applications, data representation encryption etc.
• Application Layer uses REST to develop distributed web applications with protocols.

WoT Example

• A real-world example setup is in London, based on the "Building the Web Of Things" book by Dominique D. Guinard.
• It uses the URL devices.webofthings.io/pi/sensors/ to get information from the sensors and the URL devices.webofthings.io/pi/sensors/temperature/ to read the current sensor value.
• It's possible to receive data or update the data depending on which type of request (get, post, put etc) is used

WoT - Layers

• IoT Application layer protocols offer suitable features for embedded device deployment.
• But unlike IoT protocols HTTP WebSockets are required.
• WoT does not follow the OSI model but rather expands it into levels so that functionality can be expanded.

WoT Architecture

• Layer 1 Access: Access level the way things connects to the web are exposed and can be connected by a web API.
• Layer 2 is where access is granted and devices are automatically usable.
• Layer 3 is The share layer where tools such as API's and web protocols can be used for the web authentication.
• Layer 4 is where information is processed and build for humans

WoT - Access Layer

• The access layer is is the first connection to the web and things with resources.
• The resources can be connected in some way with Web APIs.

WoT Design Rules

• Design rules are the ability should use: HTTP, secure connections and a public address connected to everything

WoT - Web sockets

• WebSockets enable web servers to push notifications to web clients.
• It can be used efficiently by serving requests and optimizing to resource consumption.
• Also multiple full-duplex communication channels is required over a single TCP connection
• They can be connected to the Internet is standard ways. It reduces bandwidth consumption also increases the battery consumption Applications can subscribe events to a Thing by getting the protocol upgrade to WebSockets

WoT Integration

• Issues to be addressed when connecting the things to the world include the pattern for direct cloud connection, gateway integration and cloud patterns for the web to cloud.
• When implementing a Web thing API things are to be connected with the interent through TCP or HTTP servers.
• Where is this is a key benifit when there's less than 50 bytes of RAM and easy when thier isnt a battery for power required.
• The need for security is important with power and access requirements.
• Gataways are also a good way for batter power devices to stay connected to the web.

Design

• Thing discovery methods, finding web thing, describe web thing and data modeling

Findability

• Is is the ability to ease discover and understand of the web of things
• To offer for all web things used to expose that data
• Descriptions are usefull for finding the network or connecting

Integration

A quintuple: E: a set of entity id symbols (= constants)

• symbols (

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are part of the next future scenario. Multi-energy stations are being applied. EV car sharing is part of the future, along with other technologies. Offshore wind farms are expanding, requiring smart buildings linked through regional EMS.