Trauma & Musculoskeletal Injuries
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Questions and Answers

According to Newton’s first law of motion, what causes a body in motion to stop moving?

  • An outside force (correct)
  • Condensation
  • Inertia
  • Convection

    • What is the maximum amount of time EMS should devote to on-scene activities for a critically injured patient?

  • 20 minutes (correct)
  • 10 minutes
  • 60 minutes
  • 30 minutes

    • What type of energy is associated with a moving body?

  • Potential
  • Thermal
  • Chemical
  • Kinetic (correct)

    • Which factor has the most significant impact on an increase in kinetic energy?

    <p>Velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of trauma center can manage all types of trauma?

    <p>Level I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What injuries might you expect to find with the mechanism of injury described in the case?

    <p>Chest contusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of injury involves shearing or tearing forces on organs and tissues?

    <p>Acceleration-deceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might injuries differ if the patient had been wearing a seat belt?

    <p>Fewer upper body injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a bullet creates a temporary indentation in tissue?

    <p>Cavitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what percentage is the chance of sustaining a fatal injury increased by being ejected from a vehicle in a collision?

    <p>300 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the airbag had deployed, what type of injury would be less likely?

    <p>Facial injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the amount of kinetic energy an object contains?

    <p>Velocity and mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many impacts occur in every motor vehicle collision at a minimum?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 1 and 40 years?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what height should a fall be considered severe for an adult patient?

    <p>12 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the science of analyzing the mechanism of injury sometimes referred to as?

    <p>Injury mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is more important than mass when evaluating the mechanism of injury in vehicle collisions?

    <p>Speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the rate at which a body in motion increases its speed?

    <p>Acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathway causes impact to the head, neck, and upper torso during vehicle collisions?

    <p>Up-and-over pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical vehicle collision, what are the three distinct impacts that occur?

    <p>Vehicle, Object, Occupant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of injury?

    <p>Radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of collision typically results in injuries to the head and chest?

    <p>Frontal collision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that influences the severity of trauma from vehicle collisions?

    <p>Speed at impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedestrian collisions, how do children typically differ from adults in terms of injury location?

    <p>Struck higher in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of collision is more likely to cause spinal fractures?

    <p>Rear collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for an EMT to maintain during patient assessment?

    <p>High index of suspicion for hidden injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury mechanism is referred to by 'paper bag syndrome'?

    <p>Thoracic injuries from compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is considered the most common mechanism of injury?

    <p>Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of cavitation primarily relate to?

    <p>Blunt trauma injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is likely to result from a head-on collision?

    <p>Neck and chest injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are injuries from rotational crashes difficult to predict?

    <p>They combine multiple forces and directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding knife wounds compared to bullet wounds?

    <p>Knife wounds can be more traumatic than bullet wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bones in the body?

    <p>To serve as the body's structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of splint applies constant pull along the length of a limb?

    <p>Traction splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue connects muscles to bones?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one mechanism of injury that can impact the body?

    <p>Direct impact force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When splinting suspected dislocations, EMTs should keep the injured area in what position?

    <p>A neutral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition should be assessed before and after splinting an injured extremity?

    <p>Pulse, motor, and sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from improper care of musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>Malunion of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical element in the body's ability to move?

    <p>Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of splint is best suited for an upper humerus injury?

    <p>Sling and swathe splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle injuries resulting from overstretching or overexertion are known as?

    <p>Strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism operates when one part of an extremity is stationary while the rest rotates?

    <p>Torsional force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the collarbone?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint is referred to as?

    <p>Dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones make up the lower extremities?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A traction splint is indicated for an injury that is painful, swollen, and deformed in which body part?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a muscle injury from excessive force or trauma?

    <p>Strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the sound or sensation of broken bone fragments grinding together?

    <p>Crepitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is NOT commonly recognized?

    <p>Flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the upper extremities?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury involves the skin over a fracture site being broken?

    <p>Open injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for crushing tissues and fractures in a motor vehicle accident?

    <p>Direct force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury occurs when the bone ends of a joint separate?

    <p>Dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure should be performed after taking precautions and controlling external bleeding in a long bone fracture?

    <p>Assessing distal PMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should an EMT assess before and after applying a splint?

    <p>Pulses, movement, and sensation distal to the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of splint is most appropriate for a shoulder dislocation?

    <p>Traction splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should an EMT take if there is severe deformity or absence of distal pulses?

    <p>Align the extremity with gentle traction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do some rigid splints have regarding their use?

    <p>They can be molded to fit various appendages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major type of 'pressure' splint formally known as?

    <p>Rigid splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials can be used to create an improvised splint?

    <p>Cardboard box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of injury involves both direct and indirect forces?

    <p>A fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the upper extremities?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures is essential for securing a patient with a suspected pelvic fracture?

    <p>Using a long spine board or vacuum mattress for stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a folded blanket between a patient's legs during immobilization?

    <p>To stabilize and splint the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a rapid splinting technique help address in patients with a leg injury?

    <p>Potential spinal injury and other leg injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored for in a patient with a suspected leg injury?

    <p>Quality of distal pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is least likely to be associated with a musculoskeletal injury?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forces could lead to a fracture from an indirect mechanism?

    <p>A sudden twisting motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common practice used to evaluate the effectiveness of splinting?

    <p>Checking for pulse, motor function, and sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of suspected fractures, what should be prioritized in patient assessment?

    <p>Maintaining circulation and assessing for shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with premature uterine contractions in pregnant trauma patients?

    <p>They may lead to increased oxytocin release and potential labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of minor trauma cases involving pregnant patients can result in fetal loss?

    <p>6–12 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is spine motion restriction most urgently required?

    <p>As soon as possible if warranted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of injury in geriatric patients?

    <p>Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What circumstance is likely to make blood pressure readings in children unreliable?

    <p>If they are less than 6 months old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case of a pregnant woman in an accident, what injury is most probable with severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding?

    <p>Abruptio placentae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should minor musculoskeletal injuries in an unstable multitrauma patient be splinted?

    <p>En route to the hospital if time allows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After suffering multisystem trauma, when is definitive care typically provided?

    <p>At a certified trauma center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criterion for considering a patient to have multisystem trauma?

    <p>When more than one major system is involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a sign of child abuse?

    <p>Frequent minor scrapes to the elbows and knees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should an EMT position a patient in her third trimester to prevent complications?

    <p>Elevate the right hip 4 to 6 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in children aged 1-14?

    <p>Traumatic injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spine motion restriction, what must an EMT do for patients younger than a certain age?

    <p>Pad from the shoulders to the hips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is rapid extrication of the multisystem trauma patient essential?

    <p>To reduce the risk of further injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case of suspected abuse, which situation should be closely examined?

    <p>A child who displays fear of adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most common cause of injury in the elderly?

    <p>Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury should be suspected if there is significant head/neck trauma and the patient is unresponsive?

    <p>Spinal cord injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an unstable multisystem trauma patient, how often should vital signs be assessed?

    <p>Every 5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique should the EMT use when establishing an airway in a trauma patient while maintaining spine motion restriction?

    <p>Jaw-thrust maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the golden principles for prehospital multisystem trauma care?

    <p>Perform an immediate surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emergency medical treatments is essential for trauma patients?

    <p>Rapid sequence intubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of managing trauma patients, which statement is accurate regarding life threats?

    <p>Life threats take priority over other assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is crucial for ensuring the safety of both rescue personnel and the patient during multisystem trauma scenarios?

    <p>Evaluation of the scene and mechanism of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is essential to maintain during a patient assessment in the context of trauma care?

    <p>Consistent reassessment of vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Newton's Laws and Trauma

    • Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
    • Kinetic energy is the energy contained in a moving body and is determined by mass and velocity.

    Mechanisms of Injury

    • Shearing or tearing forces are placed on the organs and their supportive tissues in the mechanism of injury called acceleration‒deceleration.
    • Cavitation is a temporary indentation that forms around a bullet's path as it travels through a body part.

    Motor Vehicle Collisions

    • The chance of sustaining a fatal injury in a vehicle collision is increased by 300 percent when the occupant is unrestrained or ejected.
    • Every motor vehicle collision has at least three impacts: vehicle impact, body impact, and organ impact.
    • The "platinum ten minutes" refers to the maximum amount of time EMS should devote to on-scene activities for a critically injured patient.

    Trauma Center Levels

    • A Level I trauma center can manage all types of trauma.

    Trauma System

    • Trauma is the leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 1 and 40 years.
    • Understanding the factor of velocity is more important than understanding the factor of mass when evaluating the mechanism of injury in vehicle collisions.
    • Injuries from rotational crashes or rollover crashes are not easy to predict as injuries from other crashes.
    • The "paper bag syndrome" results from compression of the chest against the steering column.
    • Children are initially struck higher in the body in pedestrian collisions than are adults.
    • Air bags are extremely effective in multiple-collision incidents, but are not effective in initial impact head-on collisions.
    • Spinal fractures are more common with rear collisions than with lateral collisions.

    Other Mechanisms of Injury

    • Falls should be considered severe any time an adult patient has fallen 10 feet or more.
    • More than one-third of all deaths due to trauma occur from blunt trauma.
    • The up-and-over pathway causes impact to the head, neck, chest, and abdomen.
    • A knife wound is potentially more traumatic than a bullet wound.
    • Falls are the most common mechanism of injury.

    Key Factors of Trauma

    • Recognizing obvious injuries, as well as maintaining a high index of suspicion for hidden injuries, is crucial.
    • The concept of cavitation deals primarily with blunt trauma injuries.
    • Trauma is nearly always the result of two or more objects colliding with each other.
    • The science of analyzing the mechanism of injury is sometimes called the Biomechanics of Trauma.
    • The factors and forces that may have caused injury to a patient are the mechanism of injury.
    • The amount of kinetic energy an object contains depends on the body’s mass and the body’s velocity.

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Composed of bones, joints, and muscles
    • Bones provide framework
    • Joints are where bones meet, enabling movement
    • Fractures are bone breaks
    • Indirect force impacts one end of a limb, causing injury away from impact point

    Types Of Musculoskeletal Injuries

    • Tendon bands connect muscles to bones
    • Mechanisms of injury:
      • Direct force: impact at injury site
      • Indirect force: force transferred to a different part of limb
      • Twisting force: rotational force that can cause injury
    • Traction splint: pulls along the femur for stabilization and muscle spasm reduction

    Dislocations

    • Splint in the position found, unless distal pulses are absent
    • Proper splinting and prehospital care can prevent closed injuries from becoming open injuries

    Femur Fractures

    • If the thigh is painful, swollen, or deformed, treat it as a femur fracture

    Splinting

    • Before and after splinting:
      • Assess pulse
      • Assess motor function
      • Assess sensation

    Life Threatening Injuries

    • Dramatic-looking injuries may distract from other life-threatening conditions

    Types of Muscles

    • Voluntary (skeletal)
    • Involuntary
    • Cardiac

    Upper Extremity Bones

    • Radius
    • Humerus
    • Carpal

    Tissues/Fibers Involved in Movement

    • Muscles
    • Tendons

    Injury Types

    • Direct force: mechanism of injury in motor vehicle collision - causing crushed tissue and fractures
    • Open injury: bone fracture with broken skin
    • Dislocation: bone ends separate in a joint.
    • Closed fracture: bone fracture without broken skin

    Splints

    • Vacuum splints: initially soft and pliable for deformed extremities
    • Assessment for long bone fracture immobilization:
      • Take BSI precautions
      • Expose the area
      • Control bleeding
      • Assess distal PMS (Pulse, Motor, Sensation)
      • Apply splint

    Lower Extremity Injuries

    • Internally or externally rotated leg suggests hip dislocation

    Paresthesia

    • Prickling or tingling sensation indicates some loss of sensation

    Splint Types

    • Upper humerus injury: Sling and swathe splint
    • Femur fractures with muscle spasms: Traction splint
    • Muscle injuries: Strains (overstretching or overexertion)

    Sprains and Dislocations

    • Sprain: joint injury where ligaments are stretched or torn
    • Dislocation: bones displaced from normal positioning in a joint

    Lower Extremity Bones

    • Pelvis
    • Femur
    • Patella
    • NOT scapula

    Traction Splint

    • Used for painful, swollen, deformed femur

    Other Important Information

    • The clavicle is another term for the collarbone
    • Twisted force: mechanism of injury where one part is stationary, while the rest rotates
    • Improvised splints: Cardboard box, rolled-up magazine, broom handle
    • NOT The traction splint is the most appropriate splint for a shoulder dislocation.
    • NOT The EMT should align an extremity with gentle traction if there is severe deformity or absence of distal pulses.
    • NOT Some types of rigid splints are pliable enough to be molded to fit any appendage.
    • NOT The major type of “pressure” splint is known formally as a rigid splint.

    Multisystem Trauma

    • Multisystem trauma occurs when more than one major system is involved.
    • Transport and rapid extrication are essential for the multisystem trauma patient.
    • Trauma is the leading cause of death for pregnant women.
    • Falls, abuse, and motor vehicle crashes are the leading causes of trauma in children.
    • When placing a pregnant patient in the supine position, the EMT must elevate the right hip 4 to 6 inches to prevent supine hypotensive syndrome.
    • Spinal motion restriction should be initiated as soon as possible if warranted in cases of multisystem trauma.
    • For patients under 10 years old, padding from the shoulders to the hip should be used to ensure proper spinal alignment.
    • Falls are the most common cause of injury in the elderly.
    • Geriatric patients should be assessed for abuse due to their vulnerability.
    • When assessing a trauma patient, suspicion of spinal cord injury should be a consideration if there is significant head/neck trauma, and the patient is unresponsive.
    • Vital signs should be assessed every 5 minutes in an unstable multisystem trauma patient.
    • The jaw-thrust maneuver should be used to establish an airway in the trauma patient while maintaining spine motion restriction.

    ### Trauma in Special Patient Populations

    • Pregnant trauma patients are at increased risk for abruptio placentae, which can lead to fetal loss.
    • Pregnant trauma patients are also at an increased risk for supine hypotensive syndrome due to the weight of the uterus compressing the inferior vena cava.
    • Less than 1% of minor traumas involving pregnant patients result in fetal loss, while 1-3% of moderate traumas and 6-12% of severe traumas result in fetal loss.
    • The most likely injury in a pregnant woman experiencing abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding after a motor vehicle collision is abruptio placentae.

    Golden Principles for Prehospital Multisystem Trauma Care

    • Ensure the safety of rescue personnel and the patient.
    • Determine additional resources needed.
    • Understand kinematics.
    • Identify and manage any life threats.
    • Manage the airway while maintaining spine motion restriction.
    • Support ventilation and oxygenation.
    • Control external hemorrhage and treat for shock.
    • Perform a detailed secondary assessment and obtain a medical history.
    • Splint musculoskeletal injuries and maintain spine motion restriction when required.
    • Make transport decisions.

    Emergency Medical Treatments for Trauma Patients

    • Control airway, breathing, and circulation.
    • Immobilize the spine if needed.
    • Manage bleeding.
    • Treat shock.
    • Provide pain relief.
    • Transport to the appropriate medical facility.

    Child Abuse

    • Children with bruises or burns in unusual shapes and locations could be victims of abuse.
    • An injury that does not correlate with the cause provided or a child with more injuries than usual for a child of that same age could be victims of abuse.

    Treatment and Management

    • Minor musculoskeletal injuries should be splinted, but only if time permits in cases of unstable multisystem trauma.
    • Definitive care for trauma patients is not commonly accessible to the majority of the population.
    • Premature uterine contractions should be considered in pregnant trauma patients as they can indicate a potential issue and should be monitored.
    • Blood pressure readings in children less than 3 years old are unreliable due to their ability to compensate.

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    Description

    Explore the connections between Newton's Laws of motion and trauma mechanisms in this quiz. Delve into kinetic energy, vehicle collisions, and the impacts on the human body. Understand the key principles that govern physical injuries and their consequences.

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