78 Questions
What is the formula for the centripetal acceleration in uniform circular motion?
$a = \frac{{v^2}}{{r}}$
What is the centripetal force formula?
$F_c = \frac{{m \times v^2}}{{r}}$
What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?
An object that exerts a force on another object also experiences an equal force from that other object but in the opposite direction.
In the context of Newton's third law, what forces are equal but opposite?
Action and reaction forces
According to Newton’s third law, what is the magnitude of the pull that the moon exerts on Earth?
$2 x 10^26$ Newtons
What did Sir Isaac Newton use as leverage to figure out his law of universal gravitation?
The geometry of the path
What forms the small blue base of the velocity triangle?
$\Delta v$
In the proportionality ratios for the isosceles triangles, what does $r$ represent?
Radius of the Nardo Ring
What happens to your left hip when the bus turns right?
It collides with the seat to the left
What happens to your right hip when the bus turns left?
It gets bumped unless stabilized with a grab bar
What does locking onto a grab bar do?
Fixes your position in the bus
What happens if a person fails to brace when the bus slows down?
They get thrown forward
What can be a good way to meet people, according to the text?
Following the law of inertia
What is a more serious example of the law of inertia mentioned in the text?
The effects of whiplash in a car accident
What is the reason for automobiles to have head restraints and airbags?
To protect against whiplash in a car accident
What does Newton's second law of motion state?
Acceleration is directly proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass
According to Newton's second law, how does acceleration change in relation to mass and net force?
Acceleration is directly proportional to mass but inversely proportional to net force.
In one dimension, how are forces added up?
Addition of forces like positive and negative numbers.
What does a negative number represent when working in one dimension?
Leftward quantity.
What does force Fnet represent when two opposing forces are different sizes?
The larger force exceeds the smaller force.
What does G control in the context of general relativity?
The size of the event horizon of a black hole
If our star, the Sun, could be squeezed to a sphere of about 3 kilometer radius, what would it become?
A black hole
What did Halley predict would return in the year 1758?
A comet
What was Halley's interest in comets according to Newton's theory of universal gravitation?
Their precise orbits in the gravitational field of the Sun
What is the event horizon of a black hole?
The point beyond which nothing can escape the black hole
What did Halley and Newton successfully verify with their predictions and observations?
Newton's theory of universal gravitation
What is the upward force that balances the weight force experienced by the objects?
Normal force
At what point does the upward drag force balance the downward weight force, resulting in the skydiver reaching a constant speed?
When the drag force equals the weight force
What is the direction of the acceleration on a circular path at constant speed?
Perpendicular to the path
What does the term 'centripetal' refer to in the context of circular motion?
Acceleration pointing toward the center
What is the name of the large circular test track in Nardo where European automakers test their vehicles at high speed?
Nardo Ring
What is responsible for increasing resistance as a skydiver's speed increases?
Drag force
In what direction is the acceleration on a circular path at constant speed?
'Fleeing' from the circle's center
What do we call the arrow points away from the center in dynamic terms?
Centrifugal arrow
Which force opposes his fall as his speed increases?
Drag force
The Nardo Ring has lanes banked sufficiently for vehicles to travel at a constant speed of __________ m/s.
66.7
The change in velocity's direction as a vehicle goes around the track is due to __________.
Radial acceleration
What did the ancient Greeks believe was circling around Earth, carrying the stars on their paths?
A clear crystalline sphere
What held the Jovian moons in predictable orbits around Jupiter?
Gravity
What did Newton describe in his book Principia as having a total period of repetitive motion of 2 seconds?
A pendulum oscillating in Paris
What did Newton use to make a very nice calculation of the moon’s centripetal acceleration?
Force that keeps the moon on orbit
What did Sir Isaac Newton know about the force of gravity on Earth?
It controls the pendulum's tick tock
What did the length of the pendulum set up in Paris equal to, according to Newton?
The drop distance for 1 second of free fall
What did Newton assume when discussing gravity?
Mean distance of 60 Earth radii for Earth-moon distance
What did Sir Isaac Newton use to measure Earth's circumference?
'Ticking' and 'tocking' pendulum
Why did Newton decide to work with a round figure when discussing gravity?
To simplify calculations
How precise was French mathematician Jean Picard's measurement of Earth’s circumference?
~0.2% above NASA’s modern value
What did Newton use to make a very nice calculation of the moon’s centripetal acceleration?
Force that keeps the moon on orbit
What was necessary for Galileo, Newton, and Halley to understand about stars and planets?
What orders the stars and planets in their courses.
What did Newton estimate in terms of the moon's fall?
The distance the moon would fall if held at 60 Earth radii away and dropped
In which unit did Newton estimate the distance the moon would fall?
Paris feet and inches
What pattern from astronomical observations did Newton build his conjecture on?
Patterns in the behavior of satellites of Jupiter
In what book did Sir Isaac Newton write his first statement of the law of gravitation?
Book III of Principia
What is the formula for the gravitational force according to the text?
$F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}$
How does one convert square meters in the denominator into Newtons of force?
Using a conversion factor
What physically measurable quantity might go into the numerator of the formula for gravitational force?
Mass and distance
What is the metric unit of force mentioned in the text?
$kg m/s^2$
What is the multiplicative constant known as in the text?
"Newton's Constant"
Who set out to measure the gravitational force of a mountain named Schiehallion?
Nevil Maskelyne
How did Henry Cavendish make a more precise measurement of gravitational force?
Using large lead spheres and a very precise balance
What could be calculated using Henry Cavendish's measurements?
The value for Newton's constant, G
What is the weight force of the 5.0 kg box of hammers?
5.0 N
When two forces act on an object in two different directions, what determines the direction of the resulting acceleration?
The diagonal of a parallelogram formed by the two forces
How can the size of the net force be computed when two forces act together but in different directions?
By using the Pythagorean Theorem
In the dragster example, what balances the weight force acting upon it?
Rigidity force from concrete and asphalt
Why does the dragster not trench itself into the track even though it has a downward weight force and a forward force?
Because the track provides an upward rigidity force
What would happen if a dragster were to race on a pool of liquid water?
The dragster would sink into the water
What is responsible for providing an upward rigidity force that balances the weight force on a drag strip?
Rigidity force from concrete and asphalt
Why use liquid water as an example of what a race track is not?
To highlight that a dragster cannot race on liquid water
What does the 'normal' force refer to in this context?
The perpendicular force to a surface due to molecular bonds holding together
What did Sir Isaac Newton describe as a resistance to changes in the state of motion unless some unbalanced force acts on the object?
The law of inertia
What is an interesting way to understand Newton’s First Law of Motion, according to the text?
Taking a trip on the UCF shuttle bus
What happens if a person fails to brace when the bus slows down, according to the text?
They bump into the seat next to them
According to Sir Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion, what does every object persevere in unless compelled to change by forces acting upon it?
Its state of rest or constant velocity
What is the main focus of Newton’s first law of motion?
The resistance to changes in the state of motion
How does Newton describe inertia in his first law of motion?
As indifference to being at rest or in constant velocity
What does the example of the UCF shuttle bus illustrate about Newton's first law of motion?
The resistance to changes in the state of motion
Why do passengers need to stabilize themselves on the UCF shuttle bus?
To counteract the forces changing the bus's state of motion
Test your knowledge of Newton's gravitational conjecture and his estimation of the distance the moon would fall towards Earth if dropped from 60 Earth radii away. Explore the important patterns in numbers and astronomical observations that led to Newton's conjecture.
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