Newton's 2nd Law Worksheet

Newton's 2nd Law

• Definition: Describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
• Core Equation: ( F = M \cdot A ) (Force = Mass x Acceleration)
• Rearranged Equations:
  • ( M = \frac{F}{A} )
  • ( A = \frac{F}{M} )

Units

• Force is measured in Newtons (N)
• Mass is measured in kilograms (kg)
• Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared (m/s²)

Example Problems

• Problem Example: A 2.0 kg object accelerating at 8.0 m/s² results in a net force of 16 N.
• Wagon Problem: A combined mass of 45 kg accelerates at 0.85 m/s², yielding a pulling force of 34 N.

Force, Motion, & Energy

• Force: A vector that causes an object to move or change motion due to push or pull.
• Contact Forces: Involve interaction between touching objects; examples include applied force and friction.
• Non-Contact Forces: Operate without physical contact; includes gravitational and magnetic forces.

Types of Forces

• Applied Force (F.App): Force exerted on an object by another.
• Frictional Force (F.fric): Opposes motion; depends on surfaces in contact.
• Air Resistance (F.Air): Acts against objects moving through air.
• Tensional Force (F.Tense): Force transmitted through strings or ropes.

Work and Energy

• Work Equation: ( W = F \cdot D \cdot \cos(\theta) )
• Units:
  • Work is measured in Joules (J)
  • Force in Newtons (N)
  • Distance in meters (m)
• Work Concept: No distance covered means no work done, regardless of exerted force.

Newton's Laws

• First Law: Objects maintain their state (rest or motion) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• Law of Inertia: An object's mass measures its resistance to changes in motion; more mass equals greater inertia.

Power

• Definition: The rate at which work is performed.
• Power Equation: ( P = \frac{W}{T} )
• Units:
  • Power is measured in Watts (W)
  • 1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 watts

Energy Concepts

• Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position; calculated as ( PE_{grav} = M \cdot G \cdot H ).
• Kinetic Energy: Energy a body possesses due to its motion; increases with mass and velocity.

Example Calculations

• Gravitational Potential Energy:
  • For an object with mass 3 kg raised to a height of 10 m, ( PE_{grav} = 294 J ).
  • A 0.2 kg ball at 5 m has ( PE_{grav} = 9.8 J ).

Summary of Concepts

• Work requires both force and movement.
• Power measures performance speed.
• Energy characteristics: High mass or elevation increases potential energy; motion increases kinetic energy.