10 Questions
Define low birth weight (LBW) as per the provided content.
An infant whose birth weight is less than 2500 g regardless of gestational age.
What is the definition of Extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants?
Infants whose birth weight is less than 1000 g.
Which category does an infant fall under if their birth weight is 1501 to 2500 g?
Moderately-low Birth weight (MLBW)
Premature infants are born after completion of 37 weeks of gestation.
False
Neonatal death occurs within the first _ days of life.
27
Why is it important to keep newborns in a neutral-temperature environment?
To place less demand on them to maintain a minimal metabolic rate necessary for effective body functioning.
If the environment is too hot, newborns must increase their metabolism to cool their body.
False
To supply glucose for increased metabolism, an infant begins ______________ glycolysis.
anaerobic
Which factors are associated with preterm birth? (Select all that apply)
Age of the mother
What are some physical findings used to determine the maturity of a newborn?
Sole creases, skull firmness, ear cartilage, and neurologic findings.
Study Notes
High-Risk Neonate
• A high-risk neonate has a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality, regardless of gestational age or birth weight, due to conditions or circumstances that affect the normal course of events associated with birth and adjustment to extrauterine existence.
Classification of High-Risk Infants
• According to size: + Low-birth weight (LBW): < 2500 g, regardless of gestational age + Extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW): < 1000 g + Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW): < 1500 g + Moderately-low-birth-weight (MLBW): 1501-2500 g + Appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA): 10th-90th percentile of intrauterine growth curves + Small-for-date (SFD) or Small-for-gestational-age (SGA): < 10th percentile + Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): retarded intrauterine growth, sometimes used to describe SGA infants + Large-for-gestational-age (LGA): > 90th percentile • According to gestational age: + Premature (preterm): < 37 weeks + Full-term: 38-42 weeks + Postmature (postterm): > 42 weeks
Definitions
• Live birth: manifests any heartbeat, breathes, or displays voluntary movement, regardless of gestational age • Fetal birth: death of the fetus after 20 weeks of gestation and before delivery, with absence of any signs of life after birth • Neonatal death: death in the first 27 days of life • Perinatal mortality: total number of fetal and early neonatal deaths per 1000 live births • Postnatal death: death at 28 days to 1 year
Manifestations of Acute Pain in the Neonate
• Physiologic responses: + Vital signs: variations in heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations + Oxygenation: decreased transcutaneous oxygen saturation (tcPo2) and arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) + Skin: pallor, flushing, diaphoresis, and palmar sweating + Other observations: increased muscle tone, dilated pupils, decreased vagal nerve tone, and laboratory evidence of metabolic or endocrine changes • Behavioral responses: + Vocalizations: crying, whimpering, and groaning + Facial expression: grimaces, brow furrowed, and chin quivering + Body movements and posture: limb withdrawal, thrashing, and rigidity
All Newborns Have Eight Priority Needs
• 1. Initiation and maintenance of respirations • 2. Establishment of extrauterine circulation • 3. Control of body temperature • 4. Intake of adequate nourishment • 5. Establishment of waste elimination • 6. Prevention of infection • 7. Establishment of an infant-parent relationship • 8. Developmental care, or care that balances physiologic needs and stimulation for best development
Factors Predisposing Infants to Respiratory Difficulty
• Low birth weight • Maternal history of diabetes • Premature rupture of membranes • Maternal use of barbiturates or narcotics close to birth • Meconium staining • Irregularities detected by fetal heart monitor during labor • Cord prolapse • Lowered Apgar score (7) at 1 or 5 minutes • Postmaturity • Small for gestational age • Breech birth • Multiple birth • Chest, heart, or respiratory tract anomalies
Learn how to maintain a neutral temperature environment for newborns and understand their metabolism regulation in response to temperature changes.
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