Questions and Answers
Which organization is leading Project-76?
What is the expected indigenous content of the submarines built under Project-76?
When is the project approval for Project-76 anticipated?
Which class of submarines in India was commissioned under technology transfer from Germany?
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When is the first Scorpene-class submarine, Kalvari, expected to undergo refit?
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What is the expected tonnage of the submarines built under Project-76?
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What is the potential drawback of court-based action in climate governance?
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What is the primary implication of the new 'climate right' on citizens?
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What is the primary goal of a comprehensive climate legislation in India?
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What is the role of framework legislation in climate governance?
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What is the name of the law that replaces the Indian Penal Code (IPC)?
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What is the primary focus of enabling legislation in climate governance?
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What is the maximum imprisonment period for penalizing deceitful means to have sexual intercourse?
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What is the main concern regarding the prioritization of clean energy infrastructure?
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Which of the following is a key change in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)?
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What is the primary challenge in transitioning to a low-carbon energy future in India?
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What is the preferred approach to climate governance in India?
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What is the maximum detention period in police custody according to the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)?
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What is the name of the law that replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872?
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What is the punishment for snatching as a separate crime from theft?
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What is the scope of Clause 111(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)?
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Which of the following clauses addresses lynching as directed by the Supreme Court in 2018?
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Which of the following submarines is equipped with satellite sensors and radar?
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What is the name of the project under which the six Kalvari Class submarines are being built?
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What is the range of the K-4 missiles on board INS Arihant?
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Which of the following submarines has been decommissioned?
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What is the name of the upcoming submarine to be delivered in 2024?
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What is the origin of the Sindhughosh Class submarines?
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What is the planned induction year of INS Chakra III?
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What is the feature of INS Arihant's double-hull design?
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What is a characteristic of Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs) that makes them riskier?
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Which of the following is a benefit of Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs) in terms of credit opportunities?
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What is a result of increased market liquidity and functionality due to Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs)?
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What is a disadvantage of Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs) in terms of market stability?
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What is a risk associated with large flows of Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs)?
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What is a key difference between Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs) and Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs)?
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What is a characteristic of Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs) that distinguishes them from investments made by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)?
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What is a potential consequence of sudden financial outflows due to Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs)?
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Study Notes
New Criminal Laws
- Three new criminal laws are implemented in the country: Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), and Bharatiya Sakshya (BS).
- BNS replaces the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and introduces new crimes such as deceitful means to have sexual intercourse, murder based on race, caste, or community, and organised crime and terrorism.
- Clause 69 penalises deceitful means to have sexual intercourse with up to 10 years imprisonment and a fine.
- Clause 103 recognises murder based on race, caste, or community as a separate offense.
- Clause 111(1) includes organised crime and terrorism within the BNS scope.
- Clause 304(1) defines snatching as a separate crime from theft, with similar punishments.
Changes in Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
- Detention in police custody is increased from 15 days to up to 90 days, potentially leading to increased custodial torture and forced confessions.
Implications of the Judgment
- The new 'climate right' allows citizens to demand governmental protection from climate impacts, possibly leading to increased climate-related litigation.
- Unresolved questions arise about the prioritisation of clean energy over local environmental resilience and climate adaptation measures.
Pathways for Climate Governance
- Judicial vs. legislative approaches: Court-based action may lead to a fragmented approach, while a comprehensive climate legislation is suggested as a preferred method to systematically govern climate actions.
- Considerations for Indian climate legislation include a transition to a low-carbon energy future, a regulatory environment supporting sustainable urban development, climate-resilient agriculture, and protection of critical ecosystems.
Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) Module
- The AIP module, designed and developed by DRDO, increases the endurance of conventional submarines, allowing them to remain submerged for longer durations.
- Benefits of the AIP module include enhanced endurance and reduced chances of detection.
Project-76
- Project-76 is an ambitious initiative to design and develop a new generation of indigenous conventional submarines for the Indian Navy.
- The project involves collaboration between DRDO and the Warship Design Bureau (WDB) of the Indian Navy.
- The project aims for a fleet of six submarines with a remarkable 70-80% indigenous content.
Classes of Submarines in India
- Shishumar Class: Commissioned under technology transfer from Germany, with advanced sensory capabilities.
- Sindhughosh Class: Russian-origin Kilo-class submarines, equipped with satellite sensors, radar, sonar, electronic surveillance, and anti-ship and anti-submarine weaponry.
- Kalvari Class: Indigenously built under technology transfer from France’s Scorpene class, built at Mazagon Dock.
- Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarines (SSN): No active SSNs, with plans for induction of INS Chakra III (Akula class) in 2025.
- Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN): INS Arihant, launched in 2009 and commissioned in 2016, with advanced sensors, periscopes, and weapon systems.
Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPI)
- FPI is known for its liquidity and volatility, making it riskier and prone to rapid withdrawal from markets.
- Benefits of FPI include access to international credit, enhancing liquidity of domestic capital markets, promotion of equity market development, and increased market efficiency.
- Disadvantages of FPI include volatility and short-termism, market manipulation risks, and limited contribution to the real economy.
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Description
Learn about the new criminal laws in the country, including Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), and Bharatiya Sakshya (BS). Understand the changes to the Indian Penal Code and new crimes introduced.
