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Questions and Answers
What is the outcome of Na+ influx in the postsynaptic cell?
What type of post-synaptic potential is produced by Cl- flux out of the postsynaptic cell?
What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft?
What is the role of EAATS in the synaptic cleft?
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What is the effect of blocking acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?
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What is the function of choline acetyltransferase in the presynaptic terminal?
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What type of post-synaptic potential is produced by K+ efflux from the postsynaptic cell?
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What is the effect of drugs that block the reuptake of neurotransmitters?
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What is the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which type of acetylcholine receptors are ionotropic?
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What is the role of glial cells in neurotransmitter clearance?
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What is the primary location of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain?
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Which of the following is NOT a location of noradrenergic cells?
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What is the function of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?
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Which type of serotonin receptors is associated with inhibiting pain pathways in the spinal cord?
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What is the effect of acetylcholine on the heart?
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Which of the following is NOT a location of dopamine receptors?
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What is the effect of noradrenaline on mood and concentration?
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What is the function of the dopamine transporter (DAT)?
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Which of the following is associated with low serotonin activity?
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What is the primary function of reuptake transporters in the synaptic process?
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What is the primary purpose of the synaptic cleft?
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What is the result of depolarization of the presynaptic terminal?
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What is the difference between fast and slow neurotransmission?
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What is the primary function of calcium ions in the synaptic process?
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What is the purpose of specific enzymes in the synaptic process?
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What is the primary way serotonin is removed from the synaptic cleft?
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What is the primary source of glutamate in the CNS?
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What is the function of the excitatory amino acid transporters in glutamate clearance?
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What is the effect of GABA antagonists on the nervous system?
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What is the primary function of GABA in the nervous system?
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What is the effect of a GABA agonist on the nervous system?
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What is the primary mechanism of glutamate clearance in the CNS?
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What is the effect of tiagabine on GABAergic neurotransmission?
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What is the primary function of the GABA and glycine transporters?
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What is the effect of alcohol on GABAergic neurotransmission?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmission
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, inducing a specific effect on the postsynaptic potential.
- Ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane leads to graded changes in membrane potential (voltage).
Post-Synaptic Potentials (PSPs)
- Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP): voltage changes that enhance the likelihood of an action potential forming.
- Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP): voltage changes that reduce the likelihood of an action potential being produced.
- Na+ and Ca++ influx always produce an EPSP (depolarization of the membrane).
- K+ efflux always produces an IPSP (hyperpolarization of the membrane).
- Cl- flux (in or out) typically produces an IPSP (hyperpolarization of the membrane).
Neurotransmitter Clearance
- Neurotransmitters can be returned to the axon terminal for reuse or transported into glial cells.
- 2 enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Synthesized in the presynaptic terminal from choline and acetyl-CoA.
- Released into the synaptic cleft, where it is rapidly split into acetate and choline by the enzyme cholinesterase.
- Choline is actively transported back into the presynaptic terminal to be used again for ACh synthesis.
- ACh has two types of receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic.
- ACh is the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system, regulating bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and secretion of saliva and bladder function.
Dopamine Pathway
- Dopaminergic neurons are primarily located in the midbrain.
- Two pathways: Nigrostriatal Pathway and Mesocorticolimbic Pathway.
- Involved in motor control, reward, and addiction.
- Dopamine receptors are metabotropic, with five types: D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5.
Noradrenaline (NA) Pathway
- Noradrenergic cells located in the pons and medulla.
- Involved in vigilance, alertness, and arousal.
- NA receptors are metabotropic, with four types: α1, α2, β1, and β2.
Serotonin (5-HT) Pathway
- Mainly secreted by nuclei in the median raphe of the brain stem.
- Involved in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite.
- 5-HT receptors are metabotropic, with seven types: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7.
Glutamate Pathway
- The principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
- Synthesized in neurons and glial cells.
- Involved in memory, learning, and synaptic plasticity.
- Glutamate receptors are ionotropic and metabotropic.
GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid) Pathway
- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
- Involved in regulating anxiety, sleep, and muscle relaxation.
- GABA receptors are ionotropic and metabotropic.
GABA Clearance
- Like glutamate, GABA action is terminated by either reuptake into the presynaptic terminal and packaging in synaptic vesicles or through transport into glial cells where breakdown can occur.
- The GABA transporter uses the sodium electrochemical gradient to drive the movement of the transmitter across the membrane.
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Description
Test your knowledge of neurotransmitters, including the criteria to be considered a neurotransmitter and the structure of a synapse. Learn about the process of synaptic transmission and the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
