30 Questions
Where are classical neurotransmitters synthesized?
Cytoplasm
What is the difference between classical and peptide transmitters?
Classical transmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm and peptide transmitters are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus
What type of vesicles are responsible for releasing neuropeptides?
Dense Core vesicles
What structure is involved in the synthesis of peptide transmitters?
Golgi apparatus
What is the role of transporters in synaptic transmission?
To package neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles
What type of neurotransmission is associated with classical transmitters?
Both fast and slow neurotransmission
What is the enzyme responsible for converting tyrosine to dopamine?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Which neurotransmitter is localized to the Locus Coeruleus?
Norepinephrine
What is the characteristic of neurons that use modulatory neurotransmission?
They project widely to the whole neocortex
Which neurotransmitter is involved in both fast and modulatory neurotransmission?
Acetylcholine
What is the primary function of modulatory neurotransmitters?
Regulation of mood, attention, and psychological processes
What is the main target of psychoactive drugs?
Modulatory neurotransmission
What is the result of pumping in negatively charged Glutamate on the Vesicular ATPase?
Enables the ATP pump to work better
What is a characteristic of VGLUT3 in comparison to other transporters?
More sensitive to charge than pH
What is the effect of removing VGLUT3 on Acetylcholine release when co-expressed with another transmitter in the same vesicle?
Reduces the release
What is the reason behind the build-up of positively charged Acetylcholine in the vesicle?
It is harder to pump in H+ ions
What is the result of co-expressing VACHT and VGLUT3?
Synergizes the storage of other transmitters
What is the purpose of VACHT in the vesicle?
To care about the concentration of H+ ions
What is the characteristic of ATP's channels?
Both fast and slow ligand-gated channels
What is the function of ATP's specific transporter?
To put ATP into vesicles
What is the current understanding of the sorting of ATP core vesicles transporter?
It is controversial whether it is sorted into synaptic vesicles
What is the likely source of ATP release?
Secretory vesicles or granules
What has been lost over evolution in terms of neurotransmitters?
Lots of neurotransmitters
What is suggested by the expansions of vesicular transporters in many species?
They have evolved new SV transmitters
What is the primary function of Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT) in neurotransmission?
To transport all modulatory transmitters, including serotonin, against their chemical gradient
What is the key difference between plasma membrane transporters and vesicular transporters?
The location of the transporter in the neuron
Which of the following statements is true about neurotransmitter transporters?
They require binding and unbinding of neurotransmitters for transport
What is the role of sodium in the function of the specific serotonin transporter?
To push serotonin into the cytoplasm
Which type of transporter is targeted by SSRIs?
Plasma membrane serotonin transporter
What is the reason for the lower affinity of Vesicular GABA and Glycine Transporter (VGAT) for glycine?
Glycine needs a plasma membrane transporter to increase its cytoplasmic levels
Test your knowledge of neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles, including what determines their use, differences between fast and slow neurotransmission, and how they are degraded or removed. Also, learn about vesicular transporters and how they work.
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