Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

Study Notes

Functions:
- Motivation and reward processing
- Regulation of movement and coordination
- Modulation of emotional responses
Role in disorders:
- Parkinson's disease (motor symptoms)
- Addiction (reward processing)
- Schizophrenia (dysregulated dopamine release)
Effects:
- Increased motivation and pleasure
- Improved motor function and coordination
- Enhanced emotional response

Functions:
- Regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep
- Modulation of pain and inflammation
- Involvement in social behavior and attachment
Role in disorders:
- Depression (low serotonin levels)
- Anxiety disorders (dysregulated serotonin release)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Effects:
- Improved mood and reduced anxiety
- Increased appetite and sleep regulation
- Enhanced social behavior and attachment

Functions:
- Regulation of muscle contraction and relaxation
- Modulation of memory formation and learning
- Involvement in attention and arousal
Role in disorders:
- Myasthenia gravis (autoimmune disorder affecting muscle contraction)
- Alzheimer's disease (decreased acetylcholine levels)
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Effects:
- Improved muscle contraction and relaxation
- Enhanced memory formation and learning
- Increased attention and arousal

Functions:
- Inhibition of neuronal activity and relaxation
- Regulation of anxiety and fear responses
- Modulation of sleep and muscle relaxation
Role in disorders:
- Anxiety disorders (dysregulated GABA release)
- Insomnia and sleep disorders
- Epilepsy (imbalanced GABA activity)
Effects:
- Reduced anxiety and fear responses
- Increased relaxation and sleep quality
- Decreased muscle tension

Functions:
- Regulation of attention and arousal
- Modulation of heart rate and blood pressure
- Involvement in stress and anxiety responses
Role in disorders:
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Depression (dysregulated norepinephrine release)
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Effects:
- Improved attention and arousal
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Enhanced stress and anxiety responses

Motivates and rewards behaviors, regulating movement and emotional responses
Involved in Parkinson's disease, addiction, and schizophrenia, influencing motor symptoms, reward processing, and dopamine release
Increases motivation, pleasure, and emotional response, improving motor function and coordination

Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep, modulating pain and inflammation, and influencing social behavior and attachment
Involved in depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, affecting serotonin levels and release
Improves mood, reduces anxiety, increases appetite, and regulates sleep, enhancing social behavior and attachment

Regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, modulating memory formation and learning, and influencing attention and arousal
Involved in myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, affecting muscle contraction, acetylcholine levels, and attention
Improves muscle contraction and relaxation, enhances memory formation and learning, and increases attention and arousal

Inhibits neuronal activity, regulating anxiety and fear responses, and modulating sleep and muscle relaxation
Involved in anxiety disorders, insomnia, and epilepsy, affecting GABA release, sleep quality, and muscle tension
Reduces anxiety and fear responses, increases relaxation, and improves sleep quality, decreasing muscle tension

Regulates attention, arousal, and stress responses, modulating heart rate and blood pressure
Involved in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, affecting attention, arousal, and stress responses
Improves attention and arousal, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and enhances stress and anxiety responses