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Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for creating an excitatory postsynaptic potential by binding to receptors and opening sodium ion channels?
What are the positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling executive functions, motivation, and movement?
Which type of antipsychotics target increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, but not decreased dopamine in the prefrontal cortex?
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Which neurotransmitter is commonly targeted by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of depression?
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Which neurotransmitter system is important for normal movement and is affected by antipsychotics?
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What percentage of D2 receptors need to be blocked to produce an antipsychotic effect?
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Which neurotransmitter is decreased in both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder?
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Which type of antidepressants block the reuptake of all monoamine neurotransmitters?
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What do MRI studies show about neurotransmitters in mental health disorders?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by antipsychotic medications?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by antidepressant medications?
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Which neurotransmitter is important for short-term memory, reward, and movement?
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Which neurotransmitter is important for cognition, emotion, and reward?
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What are the common treatments for depression?
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What is the main cause of depression?
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What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate?
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What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?
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What can cause dysfunctions in neurotransmitter systems?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmitter Dysfunction
- Depression is caused by reduced levels of monoamines, particularly in the amygdala.
- Common treatments for depression include monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
- The main cause of depression is a reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
- Second generation antidepressants focus on increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used antidepressants.
- SNRIs are more selective and have fewer side effects compared to first generation antidepressants.
- First generation antipsychotics have undesirable side effects, while second generation antipsychotics focus on serotonin and dopamine.
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of monoamines, while tricyclic antidepressants block the reuptake of monoamines.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors only prevent the reuptake of serotonin, while SNRIs prevent the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
- Neurodegeneration of dopamine neurons can lead to Parkinson's-like symptoms, but dopamine itself is not a major problem in depression.
- The lecture covered neurons firing in a way that mimics reward prediction error, and studies using fMRI in humans showed similar results.
- The role of the medial prefrontal cortex is to regulate the expression of learned behavior after extinction and facilitate the retrieval of excitatory or inhibitory associations.
Title: Neurotransmitters and Dysfunction
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals made and stored in presynaptic cells that are released in response to an action potential and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
- Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
- There are different types of neurotransmitters, including amino acids, monoamines, peptides, and others.
- Dysfunctions in neurotransmitter systems can result from genetic, environmental, or developmental factors.
- Schizophrenia is associated with dopamine dysfunction, while depression is associated with serotonin and norepinephrine dysfunction.
- Antipsychotic medications target dopamine receptors, while antidepressant medications increase serotonin and norepinephrine availability.
- Treatment for neurotransmitter system dysfunctions can involve medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes such as exercise and diet.
- Peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the nucleus, while monoamine neurotransmitters are made from precursor molecules and packaged into vesicles.
- Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter, while GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
- Dopamine is important for short-term memory, reward, and movement, while serotonin is important for cognition, emotion, and reward.
- Neurotransmitters can be inactivated or metabolized to regulate their biological effect.
- Interneurons play a
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Description
Test your knowledge on neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter dysfunction with this quiz! Learn about the role of different neurotransmitters in mental health conditions such as depression and schizophrenia, and discover common treatments for these disorders. Explore the functions of dopamine, serotonin, and other important neurotransmitters, and understand how dysfunctions in these systems can impact our brain and behavior.
