8 Questions
What is the primary function of GABA neurotransmitters?
Reducing neuronal activity
Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?
Insulin
What is the term for the proportion of variation in behavior due to genetic factors?
Heritability
What is the structure that connects the CNS to the rest of the body?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What is the stage of brain development in which the neural tube forms?
Neurulation
Which neurotransmitter is involved in reward, motivation, and movement?
Dopamine
What is the term for the interplay between genetic and environmental factors?
Gene-environment interaction
What is the term for the environmental influences on gene expression?
Epigenetics
Study Notes
Neurotransmitters
- Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons
- Examples:
- Acetylcholine: involved in memory formation and muscle contraction
- Dopamine: involved in reward, motivation, and movement
- Serotonin: involved in mood regulation and appetite
- Norepinephrine: involved in attention and arousal
- GABA (inhibitory): reduces neuronal activity
- Glutamate (excitatory): increases neuronal activity
Hormones
- Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
- Examples:
- Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels
- Adrenaline (Epinephrine): involved in fight-or-flight response
- Thyroid hormone: regulates metabolism
- Oxytocin: involved in social bonding and childbirth
- Testosterone: regulates male reproductive system
- Estrogen: regulates female reproductive system
Genetic Influences
- Genetic factors that influence behavior:
- Heritability: proportion of variation in behavior due to genetic factors
- Gene-environment interaction: interplay between genetic and environmental factors
- Epigenetics: environmental influences on gene expression
Neuroanatomy
- Structure and organization of the nervous system:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves connecting CNS to rest of body
Brain Development
- Stages of brain development:
- Neurulation: formation of neural tube
- Neurogenesis: formation of neurons
- Synaptogenesis: formation of synapses
- Myelination: formation of myelin sheath
Types of Glia
- Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system:
- Astrocytes: provide nutrients and support to neurons
- Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin in CNS
- Microglia: immune cells in CNS
- Ependymal cells: line ventricles and central canal
Brain Regions
Frontal Lobe
- Functions:
- Executive functions (decision-making, planning)
- Motor control
- Language processing
Parietal Lobe
- Functions:
- Sensory processing (touch, spatial awareness)
- Attention and focus
Temporal Lobe
- Functions:
- Auditory processing
- Memory formation and retrieval
- Language processing
Occipital Lobe
- Functions:
- Visual processing
- Object recognition and identification
Neurotransmitters
- Chemical messengers transmitting signals between neurons
- Acetylcholine involved in memory formation and muscle contraction
- Dopamine regulates reward, motivation, and movement
- Serotonin regulates mood and appetite
- Norepinephrine regulates attention and arousal
- GABA (inhibitory) reduces neuronal activity
- Glutamate (excitatory) increases neuronal activity
Hormones
- Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
- Insulin regulates blood sugar levels
- Adrenaline (Epinephrine) triggers fight-or-flight response
- Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism
- Oxytocin regulates social bonding and childbirth
- Testosterone regulates male reproductive system
- Estrogen regulates female reproductive system
Genetic Influences
- Heritability: proportion of variation in behavior due to genetic factors
- Gene-environment interaction: interplay between genetic and environmental factors
- Epigenetics: environmental influences on gene expression
Neuroanatomy
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves connecting CNS to rest of body
Brain Development
- Neurulation: formation of neural tube
- Neurogenesis: formation of neurons
- Synaptogenesis: formation of synapses
- Myelination: formation of myelin sheath
Types of Glia
- Astrocytes provide nutrients and support to neurons
- Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS
- Microglia are immune cells in CNS
- Ependymal cells line ventricles and central canal
Brain Regions
Frontal Lobe
- Executive functions: decision-making, planning
- Motor control
- Language processing
Parietal Lobe
- Sensory processing: touch, spatial awareness
- Attention and focus
Temporal Lobe
- Auditory processing
- Memory formation and retrieval
- Language processing
Occipital Lobe
- Visual processing
- Object recognition and identification
Learn about the chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, including neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin, and hormones produced by endocrine glands.
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