Neuroscience Sensory Pathways Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the combined nature of skin temperature receptors, as described in the text?

  • Neither tonic nor phasic
  • Exclusively tonic
  • Both tonic and phasic (correct)
  • Exclusively phasic

Where do first-order neurons of the dorsal column pathway synapse?

  • In the dorsal horns of the spinal cord
  • In the thalamus
  • In the postcentral gyrus
  • In the cuneate and gracile nuclei of the medulla (correct)

Which sensory information is NOT primarily carried by the dorsal column pathway?

  • Conscious proprioception
  • Pain (correct)
  • Vibration
  • Fine touch

What is the primary function of the tract of Lissauer?

<p>To provide a pathway for first-order neurons to ascend and descend before synapsing in the dorsal horn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the somatic sensory pathway?

<p>Olfactory bulb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where receptors progressively decrease their response to a constant stimulus?

<p>Receptor adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of tonic receptors?

<p>They provide continuous information about the body's state and surroundings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes phasic receptors?

<p>They respond primarily to changes in stimulus intensity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a phasic receptor is:

<p>Pressure receptors in the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a single sensory axon and its branches?

<p>Sensory unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where more sensory units become active as the stimulus intensity increases?

<p>Recruitment of sensory units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area of the body that, when stimulated, causes a response in a sensory unit called?

<p>Receptive field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the overlapping of sensory units from different receptors in the skin cause?

<p>Activation of multiple receptors upon increased stimulus intensity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanoreceptors that are responsible for detecting tactile information are classified as:

<p>Tactile receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the type and location of a sensation when a nerve fiber is stimulated?

<p>The point in the CNS where the nerve tract terminates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a person with an amputated limb experience phantom limb sensations?

<p>The neuromas formed send impulses, projecting sensations to where the receptors used to be. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a receptor potential most accurately?

<p>A local graded change in the membrane potential of a receptor that can be either depolarization or hyperpolarization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the receptor potential and the action potential as the intensity of a stimulus increases?

<p>The receptor potential increases, and the frequency of the action potentials increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are comparing the effect of a low intensity stimuli and a high intensity stimuli on nerve fibers, what would you expect to see?

<p>Impulse rate is directly proportional to the low intensity of stimuli applied and less steep with high intensities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a mechanism the brain uses to recognize stimulus intensity by varying the frequency of action potentials?

<p>Temporal summation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way the brain recognizes the intensity of a stimulus by activating more receptors?

<p>Spatial summation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the inability to detect painful events considered detrimental?

<p>Because it can result in continuous self-injury due to lack of awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute pain?

<p>It is often felt in skin and highly localized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the transmission of acute pain signals?

<p>Glutamate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the 1st order neurons mainly terminate in the spinal cord in the case of acute pain?

<p>Lamina I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical physiological response associated with acute pain?

<p>Withdrawal reflex and sympathetic response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chronic pain?

<p>It has a delayed onset and can persist for prolonged periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which type of nerve fibers is chronic pain typically transmitted?

<p>Type C fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is strongly associated with the transmission of chronic pain?

<p>Substance P (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do 1st order neurons terminate in chronic pain?

<p>Lamina II and III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the thalamus, where do the 2nd order neurons of chronic pain project to?

<p>Reticular formation, periaqueductal gray area, and hypothalamus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of referred pain?

<p>Pain is perceived in an area of the body different from the pain's origin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a classic example of referred pain?

<p>Pain in the inner left arm resulting from a heart issue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve type primarily transmits true visceral pain?

<p>Type C nerve fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the dermatomal rule, where is pain typically referred?

<p>To a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relevance of the diaphragm's embryonic migration to the referred pain in the shoulder?

<p>The phrenic nerve, which supplies the diaphragm, enters the spinal cord at the same level as the shoulder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'brain interpretation rule'?

<p>The brain interprets pain signals based on past experiences, often referring somatic sensory inputs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'facilitation effects rule' contribute to referred pain?

<p>By lowering the threshold of spinothalamic neurons receiving afferents from somatic areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is visceral pain often poorly localized?

<p>Because there are relatively few pain receptors in the viscera. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibers primarily transmit pain signals directly from the skin?

<p>Type A nerve fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convergence of visceral and somatic pain fibers occurs at which location?

<p>In the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensation Perception & CNS Termination

The perception of sensation is determined by the specific location in the CNS where the nerve fiber terminates, regardless of how or where the signal originated.

Phantom Limb

A condition where a person experiences sensations in a missing limb, often due to nerve tangles called neuromas.

Neuromas

Nerve tangles that form at the cut ends of nerves after amputation.

Receptor Potential

The electrical change in a receptor cell in response to a stimulus, which can be graded (varying in strength).

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Frequency Coding

The frequency of action potentials in a nerve fiber is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.

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Spatial Summation

The number of activated receptors determines the intensity of a stimulus. More receptors activated, stronger the perception.

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Population Coding

Combining multiple signals from different receptors to increase the intensity of sensation.

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Adaptation of Receptors

The gradual decrease in receptor response to a constant stimulus.

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Tonic Receptors

Receptors that respond with a relatively slow decrease in response to a continuous stimulus. They provide ongoing information about the stimulus.

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Phasic Receptors

Receptors that respond strongly to a change in stimulus intensity, but quickly adapt and stop responding if the stimulus remains constant.

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Sensory Unit

A single sensory neuron and all the sensory receptors it innervates. It represents the area of the body where a stimulus can be detected.

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Receptive Field

The area of the body where a stimulus can activate a specific sensory unit.

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Recruitment of Sensory Units

The activation of more and more sensory units as a stimulus intensity increases.

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Overlapping Sensory Units

Sensory units of different types can overlap in the skin, meaning a single stimulus can activate multiple types of receptors.

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Tactile Receptors

Specialized mechanoreceptors that detect touch, pressure, vibration, and texture.

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Tactile Sensation

The ability to perceive the location, intensity, and quality of a tactile stimulus.

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What kind of pain is transmitted by type Aδ fibers?

Pain sensation is transmitted through type Aδ pain fibers and can be blocked by applying moderate pressure to the nerve fiber. Often results from tissue damage.

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What kind of pain is transmitted by type C fibers?

Chronic pain is transmitted through type C pain fibers and can be blocked by using low concentrations of local anesthetic. It persists even after an injury heals.

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What neurotransmitter is responsible for acute pain?

The neurotransmitter glutamate is thought to be responsible for acute pain.

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What neurotransmitter is responsible for chronic pain?

The neurotransmitter substance P is thought to be responsible for chronic pain. Opioids suppress pain by inhibiting the release of substance P.

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Describe the characteristics of acute pain?

Acute pain usually occurs within 0.1 seconds of a painful stimulus being applied and is highly localized.

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Describe the characteristics of chronic pain?

Chronic pain occurs after a second or more and increases slowly over time. It can be felt in both the skin and internal tissues.

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Where do first-order neurons terminate in the spinal cord when transmitting acute pain?

First-order neurons in the spinal cord that transmit acute pain terminate mainly in lamina I, exciting second-order neurons.

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Where do first-order neurons terminate in the spinal cord when transmitting chronic pain?

First-order neurons associated with chronic pain end primarily in lamina II and III, referred to as the substantia gelatinosa.

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Where do second-order neurons for acute pain terminate?

Second-order neurons for acute pain terminate in the thalamus.

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Where do second-order neurons for chronic pain terminate?

Second-order neurons for chronic pain terminate in the thalamus but also project to the reticular formation, periaqueductal gray area, and hypothalamus.

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Referred Pain

Pain originating in internal organs that is felt in a different area of the body.

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Mechanism of Referred Pain

Pain fibers from internal organs and skin converge on the same spinal neurons, leading to the brain interpreting the pain as coming from the skin.

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Dermatomal Rule

Pain is usually referred to a body part that developed from the same embryonic segment as the organ causing the pain.

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Brain Interpretation Rule

The brain interprets signals from a specific pathway as originating from a particular area, usually the one that sends the most signals.

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Facilitation Effects Rule

Signals from internal organs can lower the threshold for pain signals coming from the skin, making the skin more sensitive to pain.

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Visceral Pain

Pain arising from various internal organs in the abdomen and chest.

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Visceral Pain Transmission

Visceral pain fibers, unlike those from the skin, travel through the autonomic nervous system.

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Poor Localization of Visceral Pain

Visceral pain is often poorly localized because there are relatively fewer pain receptors in the organs.

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Visceral Pain Characteristics

Visceral pain is often described as a dull ache or cramp.

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Visceral Pain Fiber Type

The type of nerve fibers carrying visceral pain signals are different from those carrying pain from the skin.

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Dorsal Column Pathway

A sensory pathway that carries information about fine touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception (awareness of body position and movement) to the brain.

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First-Order Neurons in Dorsal Column Pathway

The 'first-order' neurons involved in the dorsal column pathway are the sensory fibers that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots and ascend on the same side to the brain.

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Second-Order Neurons in Dorsal Column Pathway

The second-order neurons in the dorsal column pathway originate in the cuneate and gracile nuclei in the medulla, cross to the opposite side of the brain, and then travel to the thalamus via the medial lemniscus.

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Third-Order Neurons in Dorsal Column Pathway

The final neurons in the dorsal column pathway project from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, where sensory information is processed and perceived.

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Dorsal Horn

The part of the spinal cord where sensory fibers enter and ascend before synapsing in the dorsal horn.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Functions

  • Coordinate activities of other systems (including endocrine) through sensory and motor functions, maintaining homeostasis.
  • Store experiences (memory) and create response patterns (learning).

Functional Levels of the CNS

  • Intercommunication between internal and external environments is mediated through sensory-somatic and autonomic peripheral nervous systems.

  • CNS is divided into three functional levels:

    • Spinal cord level: Conduit for signals to/from the body and brain; contains reflex control centers.
    • Lower brain level (subcortical): Controls subconscious body activities (e.g., blood pressure, respiration, reflexes).
    • Higher brain level (cortical): Converts lower CNS functions into precise operations; essential for thought processes.

Neuronal Pools

  • Collections of interconnected neurons with unique processing characteristics.
  • Examples include basal ganglia, nuclei in thalamus, cerebellum, etc.
  • Input signals can excite, inhibit, or facilitate neurons within the pool.
  • Processes signals in serial (sequential), parallel (simultaneous), and amplification modes.
  • Convergence: Multiple signals converge on the same pool.
  • Divergence: Amplified signals transmitted to multiple directions.

Synaptic After-Discharge

  • Sustained output discharge even after the initial signal ends.
  • Mechanisms include:
    • Synaptic after-discharge: Excitatory synapse, sustained transmitter.
    • Parallel circuit: Signal spread through neurons; impulses converge.
    • Reverberatory circuit: Excitatory signal stimulates input neuron, creating a loop.

Stabilization of Neuronal Circuits

  • Inhibition prevents continuous signal loops in the brain.
  • Types of inhibitory mechanisms:
    • Presynaptic inhibition: Inhibition of the signal at the presynaptic terminal. This occurs via opening of Cl or K channels, reducing the amount of Ca ions that enter the terminal.
    • Postsynaptic inhibition: Inhibition of the signal at the postsynaptic terminal, generating IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)..

Adjustment of Pathway Sensitivity

  • Automatic short-term adjustments: Overused pathways become less sensitive; underused pathways become more sensitive due to fatigue and receptor changes.
  • Automatic long-term adjustments: Upgraded or downgraded receptor proteins modify synapse sensitivity depending on usage.

Somatosensory Functions

  • Sensory receptors transduce environmental inputs (mechanical, light, sound, chemicals, temp.) into neural signals.
  • Types of receptors:
    • Mechanoreceptors: Detect mechanical deformation (e.g., touch, pressure, vibration); proprioceptors monitor body position.
    • Thermoreceptors: Detect temperature.
    • Nociceptors (pain receptors): Detect tissue damage.
    • Photoreceptors: Detect light.
    • Chemoreceptors: Detect chemicals (taste, smell, body chemistry).

General Properties of Receptors

  • Sensitivity: Highly responsive to a specific stimulus type.
  • Specificity: Nerve fibers transmit one type of sensation regardless of input origin.
  • Generation of receptor potentials: Local graded potential that causes action potential if it exceeds threshold. Methods include activation of second messenger systems or changes in ion permeability.

Adaptation of Receptors

  • Progressive decrease in response to a constant stimulus.
  • Types of receptors:
    • Tonic receptors: Slowly adapting, continuously signal stimulus presence.
    • Phasic receptors: Rapidly adapting, respond only to changes in stimulus intensity.

Sensory Unit

  • Sensory axon and its branches form a sensory unit.
  • Receptive field: Area stimulated by a sensory unit.
  • Recruitment of sensory units: More units are activated as stimulus intensity increases.

Touch and Pressure

  • Numerous receptors throughout the body, from hair follicles to subcutaneous tissues.
  • Carried by A fibers.
  • Itch and Tickle: Stimulated by mild stimulation often blocked by scratching.

Stereognosis

  • Tactile Sense: Identifying form, shape perception

Synthetic Senses

  • Integrated cortical interpretation of multiple sensory inputs.

Position (Proprioceptive) Sense

  • Signals from tendons, muscles and joints concerning body position and movement.
  • Carried by A fibers.
  • Subtypes: Static - orientation, Dynamic - movement rate

Pain Sensation

  • Protective mechanism for tissue damage.
  • Types:
    • Fast pain (Acute pain): Sharp, localized, rapid onset.
    • Slow pain (Chronic pain): Aching, diffused, gradual onset.
    • Nociceptors are associated with mechanosensitive, thermosensitive, chemosensitive.

Pain Receptors (Nociceptors)

  • Types (based on stimuli):
    • Mechanosensitive (to physical stress).
    • Thermosensitive (to extreme temps).
    • Chemosensitive (from chemicals released)

Substance P

  • Probable neurotransmitter for pain.

Referred Pain

  • Pain felt in a location distant from the actual source.
  • Often due to shared nerve pathways.

Central Inhibition of Pain

  • Analgesia system: Includes mechanisms in periaqueductal gray, raphe magnus nucleus, and spinal cord to reduce pain signal transmission.
  • Gate theory: Large fiber stimulation inhibits transmission of pain from small fibers into the spinal cord.

Thermal Sensations

  • Subcutaneous receptors detect temperature changes.
  • Types:
    • Cold receptors
    • Warmth receptors

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Description

Test your knowledge on the sensory pathways in neuroscience, focusing on temperature receptors, neuronal pathways, and the characteristics of various receptors. This quiz will cover essential concepts such as the dorsal column pathway and the functions of different sensory receptors.

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