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Questions and Answers
Match the following functions with the corresponding brain structures:
Match the following functions with the corresponding brain structures:
Reticular Formation = Keeps people alert and detects changes in information Cerebellum = Controls involuntary rapid motor movements Reticular Activating System = Stimulates the upper part of the brain to maintain alertness Spinocerebellar degeneration = Causes tremors and unsteady movement
Match the following activities with their associated brain region:
Match the following activities with their associated brain region:
Walking = Cerebellum Client-side scripting = Reticular Formation Dancing = Cerebellum Focusing on a driving task = Reticular Activating System
Match the symptoms of spinocerebellar degeneration with their descriptions:
Match the symptoms of spinocerebellar degeneration with their descriptions:
Tremors = Involuntary shaking movements Slurred speech = Impaired articulation during verbal communication Dizziness = Unusual sensations of imbalance Muscle weakness = Reduced strength in bodily movements
Match the following statements to their relevant findings about the cerebellum:
Match the following statements to their relevant findings about the cerebellum:
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Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
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Match the following brain structures with their locations:
Match the following brain structures with their locations:
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Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated brain structures:
Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated brain structures:
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Match the following disorders with their related brain structures:
Match the following disorders with their related brain structures:
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Match the following brain structures with their quantity in the human brain:
Match the following brain structures with their quantity in the human brain:
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Match the following facts with the correct brain regions:
Match the following facts with the correct brain regions:
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Match the following brain lobes with their relative location:
Match the following brain lobes with their relative location:
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Match the following effects with their related brain structures:
Match the following effects with their related brain structures:
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Match the following divisions of the nervous system with their primary functions:
Match the following divisions of the nervous system with their primary functions:
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Match the following changes to the physiological division responsible for them:
Match the following changes to the physiological division responsible for them:
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Match the following physiological responses to their description:
Match the following physiological responses to their description:
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Match the following functions to the nervous system division they belong to:
Match the following functions to the nervous system division they belong to:
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Match the following statements to the correct nervous system division:
Match the following statements to the correct nervous system division:
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Match the following outcomes to their triggering division:
Match the following outcomes to their triggering division:
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Match the following components of the spinal cord to their descriptions:
Match the following components of the spinal cord to their descriptions:
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Match the following functions of the autonomic nervous system divisions with their effects:
Match the following functions of the autonomic nervous system divisions with their effects:
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Match the parts of the spinal cord to their functions:
Match the parts of the spinal cord to their functions:
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Match the types of neurons to their roles in the reflex arc:
Match the types of neurons to their roles in the reflex arc:
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Match the neurotransmitters to their characteristics:
Match the neurotransmitters to their characteristics:
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Match the type of matter to its description in the spinal cord:
Match the type of matter to its description in the spinal cord:
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Match the nerve components to their descriptions:
Match the nerve components to their descriptions:
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Match the characteristics of the spinal cord functions:
Match the characteristics of the spinal cord functions:
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Match the terms to their meanings:
Match the terms to their meanings:
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Match the nervous system components to their functions:
Match the nervous system components to their functions:
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Match the following brain areas with their primary functions:
Match the following brain areas with their primary functions:
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Match the following types of neurons with their roles:
Match the following types of neurons with their roles:
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Match the following structures with their relevant pathways:
Match the following structures with their relevant pathways:
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Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
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Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
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Match the following parts of the brain with their associated roles:
Match the following parts of the brain with their associated roles:
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Match the following functions with their anatomical locations:
Match the following functions with their anatomical locations:
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Reticular Formation (RF)
- RF helps ignore constant information and become alert to changes.
- RF keeps people alert and aroused.
- The reticular activating system (RAS) stimulates the upper brain, keeping people awake and alert.
- RAS brings drivers to full attention when a sudden change occurs.
- RAS allows people to focus on important stimuli.
Cerebellum
- Located at the base of the skull, resembling a small brain.
- Controls involuntary, fine motor movements like posture and balance.
- Coordinates rapid, successive movements like walking, dancing, and speaking.
- People don't consciously think about posture, muscle tone, and balance due to the cerebellum.
- Spinocerebellar degeneration affects the cerebellum, leading to tremors, unsteady walking, slurred speech, and muscle weakness.
- The cerebellum is critical for certain types of learning and memory.
- Research suggests the cerebellum is involved in higher functions beyond motor control, including sensorimotor, cognitive, and emotional tasks.
Hypothalamus
- Regulates body temperature, eating, thirst, hunger, sleeping, waking, sexual activity, and emotions..
- Located above the pituitary gland.
- Controls the pituitary gland, ultimately regulating hormones in the body.
Hippocampus
- Located within the medial temporal lobe.
- Involved in forming long-term, permanent declarative memories.
- Contains acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory function.
Amygdala
- Located near the hippocampus.
- Involved in fear responses and memory of fear.
- Sensory information reaches the amygdala before the upper brain, allowing for quick responses to danger.
- Removal of the amygdala in monkeys and rats leads to a lack of fear response.
- Damage to the amygdala in humans can lead to decreased fear response.
Cingulate Cortex
- Located above the corpus callosum.
- Plays a role in emotional and cognitive processing of autonomic information.
- Active during cognitive tasks like selective attention, written word recognition, and working memory.
- Implicated in disorders like ADHD, schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder.
Frontal Lobe
- Located at the front of the brain.
- Responsible for complex cognitive functions, problem-solving, planning, judgement, and decision-making.
- The visual association cortex interprets visual information, making sense of what we see.
Temporal Lobe
- Located behind the temples.
- Processes auditory information, including pitch, frequency, and sounds.
- Contains the primary auditory cortex and auditory association area.
- Involved in memory encoding, language comprehension, and emotional responses.
- Wernicke's Area in the left temporal lobe is crucial for language understanding.
- Damage to Wernicke's Area can lead to difficulty understanding the meaning of words, despite fluent speech.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
- Contains all nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
- Divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Somatic Nervous System
- Responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
- Contains sensory neurons (afferent), carrying messages from sense organs to the CNS.
- Contains motor neurons (efferent), carrying messages from the CNS to muscles.
- Controls voluntary movements.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Controls involuntary organs, glands, and muscles.
- Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Sympathetic Division
- Located in the middle of the spinal column.
- Prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses during stressful situations..
- Increases heart rate, breathing, pupil dilation, and adrenaline release.
- Decreases digestive activity and blood flow to non-essential organs.
Parasympathetic Division
- Located at the top and bottom of the spinal column.
- Returns the body to a normal state after a stressful event ("eat-drink-and-rest").
- Slows heart rate and breathing, constricts pupils, reactivates digestion and excretion.
- Signals adrenal glands to stop stress hormone production.
- Responsible for day-to-day bodily functions.
Spinal Cord
- A long, thin tubular structure made up of neurons.
- Extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
- Contains the central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Divided into a white matter (axons of neurons) and gray matter (cell bodies of neurons).
- Carries messages from the body to the brain.
- Carries messages from the brain to the body.
- The gray matter acts as a primitive brain.
- The gray matter is responsible for quick reflexes.
Reflex Arc
- An automatic, unconscious response to a stimulus.
- Consists of three neurons: sensory (afferent), interneurons, and motor (efferent).
- Sensory neurons carry messages from senses to the spinal cord.
- Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord and brain.
- Motor neurons carry messages from the spinal cord to muscles.
Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals released from synaptic vesicles at axon terminals.
- Activate the next neuron by attaching to dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron.
- A key link between the nervous system and behavior.
- Deficiencies or excesses can cause behavioral disorders.
Acetylcholine
- The first identified neurotransmitter.
- Excitatory.
- Common throughout the nervous system.
- Transmits messages to skeletal muscles, essential for movement.
- Blocked receptors can cause muscle paralysis.
Norepinephrine
- Excitatory.
- Important for arousal, alertness, and mood regulation.
- Contributes to sympathetic nervous system activation.
- Deficiencies can lead to depression and anxiety.
Dopamine
- Both excitatory and inhibitory.
- Associated with pleasure, reward, motivation, and movement control.
- Deficiencies can lead to Parkinson's disease.
- Excessive levels are linked to schizophrenia.
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Description
Explore the fascinating roles of the reticular formation and cerebellum in the human brain. This quiz covers how these structures contribute to alertness, motor control, and learning. Test your understanding of their functions and the implications of cerebellar degeneration.