Neuroscience Quiz on Neurons and Glial Cells

<p>They help to speed up the transmission of action potentials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axodendritic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrous astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelinating axons in the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudounipolar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty tissue and vertebral venous plexus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidural hematoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrocephalus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severing of bridging veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral arteries, and veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of CSF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of intrafusal muscle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the sensitivity of muscle spindles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type Ia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle stretching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the sensitivity of muscle spindles during muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High density of muscle spindles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type Ib (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates a barrier that prevents the free movement of ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It opens in response to changes in membrane potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myotatic-stretch reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit the contraction of the antagonist muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the minimum depolarization required to open voltage-gated sodium channels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the generation of another action potential immediately after the previous one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is only used for sensory fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry information from the body core (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic organs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitters onto a postsynaptic neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand-gated ion channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors directly open ion channels, while metabotropic receptors require second messengers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It excites postsynaptic neurons by inducing depolarization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid propagation of action potentials by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the number of voltage-gated sodium channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelination reduces the number of action potentials required for signal transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influx of sodium ions (Na+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for direct ion flow between adjacent neurons through gap junctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potentials are generated by the opening of voltage-gated ion channels, while postsynaptic potentials are generated by the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They trigger the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help in converting glutamate to glutamine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remyelination as oligodendrocyte precursors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ependymal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only small lipophilic molecules can diffuse through. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demyelinated axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the interaction of the presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choroid plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS stem cells are less active in replacing damaged cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide structural support for migrating neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal root ganglion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filum terminale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent autonomic fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pia mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior rami (A), Posterior rami (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain modulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entirity of the anterior surface of the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sum of all muscle fibers supplied by a single spinal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dura mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior and anterior roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide motor control to muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protrusions on neurons where synaptic input occurs.

Long projection of a neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body.

Most abundant neuron type in CNS with multiple dendrites and one axon.

Neuron type that bypasses the cell body to relay sensory info to the CNS.

Neurons with one main dendrite and axon, involved in sensory processing.

Common synaptic contacts between an axon and a dendrite.

Synapses where an axon contacts the soma of another neuron.

Synapses formed when one axon contacts another axon, affecting signal strength.

CNS cells that myelinate multiple axons, providing support and protection.

PNS myelinating cells that myelinate only a single axon.

The potential space between the dura mater and the periosteum in the skull, filled with fatty tissue and venous plexus.

A collection of blood between the skull and dura due to arterial bleeding typically after a skull fracture.

The potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater, affected by bridging veins.

A true space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cerebral arteries, and veins.

A condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of CSF in the brain due to impaired production, circulation, or absorption.

The process where glutamate is taken up and converted to glutamine by astrocytes.

A protective barrier separating blood from nervous tissue, maintained by astrocyte end-feet.

A synapse consisting of a presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte facilitating communication.

Astrocytes release neurotransmitters and have receptors, enhancing synaptic signaling.

Cells that provide direction and scaffolding for migrating axons during development.

Stem cells in the CNS that can produce glial cells and neurons and respond to synaptic input.

The immune cells of the brain, derived from monocyte-macrophages, involved in protecting and cleaning up.

Cells that line the brain’s ventricles and separate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from nervous tissue.

A structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain.

The three protective layers of the BBB: endothelial tight junctions, continuous basement membrane, and astrocyte end-feet.

A membrane that maintains differential ion concentrations inside and outside of the cell.

The difference in ion concentrations across a membrane that creates a potential energy difference.

The sum of all ion gradients that creates electrical potential across a membrane.

Channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.

A rapid wave of depolarization that travels along a neuron.

The critical level to which a membrane must be depolarized to initiate an AP.

The recovery time after an action potential when the neuron cannot fire another AP.

Charge shuttling along a neuron without active ion transport.

AP that jumps from one node of Ranvier to another in myelinated axons.

The process of communication between neurons via synapses.

A small depolarization causing the postsynaptic neuron to become more positive.

A small hyperpolarization making the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire an AP.

Receptors that directly open ion channels when activated by neurotransmitters.

Receptors that initiate cellular signaling cascades, requiring second messengers.

Chemicals like glutamate and GABA that transmit signals across synapses.

Condition where CSF can't flow between ventricles and subarachnoid space, causing ventricle enlargement.

Involves restoring normal CSF cycle using a shunt to drain into the peritoneal cavity.

Network of cranial and spinal nerves linking the CNS with the body.

Parts of PNS carrying sensory and motor signals to/from the skeletal muscles.

Parts of PNS that transmit sensory and motor commands to/from internal organs.

Aggregations of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS.

The outermost connective tissue layer surrounding peripheral nerves.

Proprioceptors that detect muscle length and stretch.

Receptors that detect muscle tension at the tendon junction.

A monosynaptic reflex that causes contraction of the stretched muscle.

Simultaneous activation of alpha and gamma motor neurons to maintain muscle spindle function.

Sensory receptors detecting body position and movement.

Sensory nerve fibers innervating the central region of intrafusal muscle fibers.

Process where activation of one muscle triggers inhibition of its antagonist.

Peripheral nerves carry sensory input to the CNS and motor output from the CNS.

Cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies located near the spinal cord.

Motor fibers that exit the spinal cord to control muscle movement.

Neurons located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, controlling skeletal muscles.

Nerve fibers that carry commands from the central nervous system to autonomic targets.

Sensory roots of spinal nerves carrying information to the spinal cord.

Branches of spinal nerves that supply the front of the body.

Bundle of spinal nerves below the spinal cord, resembling a horse's tail.

The tapering end of the spinal cord.

Longitudinal groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord.

Skin areas innervated by specific spinal nerve segments.

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Groove at the back of the spinal cord separating two halves.

Classification of gray matter regions in the spinal cord.