head Injuries and crerbral l11

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with a penetrating injury to the brain?

A) Diffuse axonal injury B) Depressed skull fracture C) Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) D) Contusion

According to the Monro-Kellie Doctrine, what happens when one component of the intracranial contents increases in volume?

Which of the following is the most likely consequence when compliance of the brain decreases in the setting of increased intracranial volume?

A) A compensatory decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. B) A rapid increase in intracranial pressure. C) A reduction in blood volume within the brain. D) No change in intracranial pressure.

Which of the following is a common consequence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in the brain?

A) Decreased intracranial pressure due to compensatory mechanisms B) Herniation syndromes leading to brainstem compression C) Improved cerebral perfusion and oxygenation D) Decreased blood flow to the brain resulting in hyperperfusion

Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) can lead to reduced cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Which of the following is a consequence of reduced CPP?

Which of the following is the most critical systemic factor to control in order to prevent secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Secondary brain injury following traumatic brain injury can result from which of the following?

A) Controlled cerebral vasodilation B) Intracranial pressure normalization C) Systemic hypoxia and hypotension D) Reduced blood-brain barrier permeability

In the context of traumatic brain injury, which of the following is a common cause of raised intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Which of the following interventions is most likely to reduce the risk of secondary brain injury in a patient with a traumatic brain injury?

A) Maintaining hyperglycemia for energy production B) Correcting hypoxia and hypotension C) Allowing hyperthermia to prevent brain swelling D) Limiting fluid intake to decrease brain volume

What is the primary cause of brain shift and herniation in the setting of raised intracranial pressure?

A) Excessive cerebral blood flow B) Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) C) Brain swelling and compressed tissue displacement D) Decreased oxygen demand by the brain

Which of the following factors is most likely to exacerbate brain injury in the first few hours following trauma?

The prevention of post-traumatic seizures is a crucial component of managing traumatic brain injury. Which of the following is considered a risk factor for post-traumatic seizures?

Which of the following best describes the goal of management for traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

The management of hypoglycemia after a traumatic brain injury is crucial because it can lead to which of the following?

Extradural hematomas (EDH) are most commonly associated with which type of trauma?

Which of the following skull fractures is most commonly associated with an extradural hematoma (EDH)?

In which part of the skull is an extradural hematoma (EDH) most commonly located?

What is the most common cause of an extradural hematoma (EDH)?

What characteristic shape is typically seen in an extradural hematoma (EDH) on imaging?

Acute subdural hematomas (ASDH) are most commonly caused by which of the following?

Which of the following best describes the shape of an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) on imaging?

In an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH), where is the hematoma typically located?

What underlying injury is commonly associated with an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH)?

The specific vulnerability of the bridging veins in acute subdural hematomas (ASDH) is due to:

The treatment of choice for an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) requiring surgical intervention is:

Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) are most commonly associated with which of the following?

A) Severe head trauma B) History of minor trauma C) Arterial rupture D) Cerebral aneurysms

Which of the following factors is considered a risk factor for the development of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH)?

Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) are more likely to develop in individuals with which of the following?

What is the most common cause of venous bleeding that leads to chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH)?

What is the typical treatment for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) in the presence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) or lateralizing signs?

The underlying mechanism in chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) involves which of the following?

Which of the following is a common characteristic of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH)?

Which of the following is a common complication of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH)?

Intracerebral hematomas (ICH) are associated with which of the following?

A) Subarachnoid hemorrhage B) Contusions C) Epidural hematomas D) Aneurysms

In which of the following cases is evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma (ICH) most likely required?

What is the primary treatment approach for intracerebral hematoma (ICH) when there is no significant neurological deterioration?

Which of the following conditions is most likely to occur alongside intracerebral hematomas (ICH)?

Which of the following best describes the treatment approach for intracerebral hematomas (ICH) with a significant midline shift?

Diffuse axonal injury is commonly associated with which of the following?

A key indication for the evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma (ICH) is:

Which of the following is most characteristic of Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)?

Which imaging finding is most associated with Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)?

In Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI), which of the following is commonly observed in brain imaging?

What is the primary mechanism of injury in Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)?

The management of Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) typically involves which of the following?

In patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI), which of the following is the expected clinical feature?

What is a key feature of brain imaging in cases of Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)?

Penetrating head injuries commonly result in which of the following complications?

What is the expected outcome of a penetrating brain injury if it crosses the midline?

What is the first step in managing a patient with a penetrating brain injury?

What percentage of patients with penetrating head injuries also have an associated cervical spine injury?

Which of the following is NOT a recommended part of the management for a penetrating brain injury?

Which of the following steps should be prioritized in the management of penetrating brain injuries?

Which of the following is a common consequence of penetrating brain injuries? A) Hemorrhagic stroke B) Infections in one-third of cases C) Increased intracranial pressure D) Seizures in all cases

Which of the following procedures is crucial in the management of a patient with a penetrating brain injury?

What diagnostic tool is most commonly used to assess vascular injury in patients with penetrating brain injury?

What is a key factor in determining the outcome of a penetrating head injury?

In the Glasgow Coma Scale, what is the highest possible score for the Best Eye Response?

What does a score of 3 on the Best Verbal Response in the Glasgow Coma Scale indicate?

Which of the following is the correct description of a score of 4 on the Best Motor Response?

A) Obeys commands B) Localises to pain C) Normal flexion to pain D) Abnormal flexion to pain

What does a score of 2 on the Best Eye Response in the Glasgow Coma Scale indicate?

A) Open to verbal command B) Open to pain C) Open spontaneously D) Does not open eyes

A patient is able to localise pain but does not obey commands. What is the Glasgow Coma Score for Best Motor Response?

A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3

Which of the following Glasgow Coma Scale findings would indicate a patient is in a coma?

A) 15 B) 9 C) 5 D) 3

What does a score of 1 on the Best Motor Response in the Glasgow Coma Scale indicate?

A) Localises to pain B) No movement C) Extension to pain D) Abnormal flexion to pain

What is the total maximum score a patient can achieve on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

What is the recommended head position for a patient with raised intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Which of the following medications is commonly used to reduce intracranial pressure in cases of traumatic brain injury?

In the management of raised ICP, which of the following is used to prevent seizures?

Hypertonic saline is used in the management of raised ICP because it:

Which of the following is the purpose of ICP monitoring?

Sedation in the management of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is important because it helps to:

In the management of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), which of the following is typically used for analgesia?

Hyperventilation in the management of raised ICP is used to:

A) Lower PCO2, causing cerebral vasodilation B) Raise PCO2, causing cerebral vasoconstriction C) Lower PCO2, causing cerebral vasoconstriction D) Increase oxygen delivery to the brain

Hypothermia is used in the anaesthetic management of raised ICP because it:

The primary goal of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is to:

An external ventricular drain (EVD) is commonly used in the management of raised ICP because it:

When using an external ventricular drain (EVD), it is important to:

A) Monitor the ICP levels regularly to avoid over-drainage B) Limit fluid intake to prevent excessive CSF production C) Perform surgery immediately after placing the EVD D) Keep the head of the bed flat at all times

Which of the following is a potential complication of placing an external ventricular drain (EVD)?

The goal of a craniotomy for hematoma evacuation is to:

In the management of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), what is the rationale for performing a craniotomy and leaving the skull open temporarily?

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)?

A) Mild concussion B) Post-traumatic amnesia >24 hours C) No loss of consciousness D) Non-penetrating brain injury

What is the recommended duration for prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in preventing post-traumatic epilepsy after TBI?

The incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is higher in which of the following cases?

Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) commonly presents with which of the following symptoms?

A) Seizures and confusion B) Behavioural changes, headaches, dizziness, and irritability C) Loss of consciousness and memory loss D) Complete resolution of symptoms within 24 hours

Which of the following factors contributes to an increased risk of post-concussion syndrome (PCS)?

A brain tumor located in the intracranial space but outside the brain tissue (extra-axial) is most likely to affect which structures?

Which of the following is a classic clinical sign of raised intracranial pressure due to a brain tumor?

A tumor located within the brain parenchyma (intra-axial) will most likely affect which of the following?

Which clinical presentation is most commonly associated with tumors in the brainstem or cranial nerves?

Hydrocephalus, caused by a tumor obstructing CSF flow, is typically characterized by which symptom?

Seizures are a common symptom of brain tumors. Which type of seizure is most often associated with tumors in the cerebral cortex?

A) Generalized tonic-clonic seizures B) Absence seizures C) Focal seizures D) Status epilepticus

Which of the following types of tumors are considered extra-axial tumors?

Which of the following is a possible endocrine disturbance that could arise from a brain tumor affecting the pituitary gland?

Where are intracranial tumors typically located?

Tumors described as extracranial are located in which of the following?

What type of tumor is described as intra-axial?

What is the initial imaging modality typically used to screen for brain tumors?

Which imaging technique is considered the best for evaluating brain tumors in terms of detailed anatomical structure?

Which imaging modality can be used for functional assessment of brain activity, particularly near a brain tumor?

What is the purpose of performing CSF cytology in brain tumor investigations?

Which of the following is NOT a primary brain tumor cell origin?

A) Glial Cells B) Neurons C) Schwann Cells D) Blood vessels

What is the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults?

Which of the following makes up 60% of primary brain tumors in adults?

Which type of tumor is most commonly found in the pituitary gland?

What is the peak age for the development of glioblastoma (GBM)?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of glioblastoma pathology?

What is the first step in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM)?

What percentage of astrocytomas are low-grade astrocytomas?

What is a common feature of low-grade astrocytomas?

What is the 5-year survival rate for low-grade astrocytomas with gross resection and radiotherapy?

Where do meningiomas primarily arise from?

Meningiomas are classified as which type of tumor based on their location?

For residual or recurrent meningioma, what treatment options are used?

From which cranial nerve do vestibular schwannomas arise?

What is the most common symptom of a vestibular schwannoma?

In which condition are vestibular schwannomas typically bilateral?

What are the treatment options for vestibular schwannomas?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of vestibular schwannomas in NF2?

What is the most common presentation of a non-functioning pituitary adenoma?

Which hormone is associated with prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas?

What condition is commonly caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma?

Which of the following is a rare but serious complication of pituitary adenomas?

What are the primary treatments for pituitary adenomas?

Which of the following is the standard treatment for Primary CNS Lymphoma?

What trend has been observed regarding the rate of Primary CNS Lymphoma?

Which type of cancer most commonly metastasizes to the brain?

What percentage of brain metastases are attributed to breast cancer?

What is the second most common childhood tumor?

What is the most common brain tumor in childhood?

Which of the following statements about cerebellar astrocytoma is true?

At what age is cerebellar astrocytoma most commonly diagnosed?

Where does medulloblastoma typically arise? A) Frontal lobe B) Cerebellar vermis C) Temporal lobe D) Brainstem

Medulloblastoma is classified as which type of tumour?

Which of the following is true about medulloblastoma?

What is a characteristic feature of medulloblastoma?

Which of the following is a common metastatic site for medulloblastoma?

What is the malignancy grade of medulloblastoma?

Which of the following is NOT a feature of medulloblastoma?

Ependymomas originate from cells that line which structures?

Which age group is most commonly affected by ependymomas?

What is the prognosis for diffuse brain stem tumors?

Which of the following is a clinical feature of diffuse brain stem tumors?

Diffuse brain stem tumors infiltrate which structures?

Which complication is least likely to be caused by diffuse brain stem tumors?

What is the primary role of 5-ALA during surgical procedures?

Which imaging technique is crucial for surgeries involving eloquent brain areas?

Awake craniotomy is most often performed for tumors situated in which regions?

Which of the following is not a standard indication for performing an awake craniotomy?