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Questions and Answers
The trigeminal chemosensory system is involved in the perception of irritants and is a component of the nociceptive system.
The trigeminal chemosensory system is involved in the perception of irritants and is a component of the nociceptive system.
True
The olfactory epithelium or membrane is located within the oral cavity.
The olfactory epithelium or membrane is located within the oral cavity.
False
The olfactory bulb, which receives information from the olfactory nerve, lies beneath the cribiform plate.
The olfactory bulb, which receives information from the olfactory nerve, lies beneath the cribiform plate.
False
Mitral cells and tufted cells both receive synaptic input from olfactory neurons and send axons through the olfactory tract.
Mitral cells and tufted cells both receive synaptic input from olfactory neurons and send axons through the olfactory tract.
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The piriform cortex, a target area for olfactory information, resides in the posterior part of the temporal lobe.
The piriform cortex, a target area for olfactory information, resides in the posterior part of the temporal lobe.
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The olfactory tubercle is considered a part of the limbic system, associated with emotions and memory.
The olfactory tubercle is considered a part of the limbic system, associated with emotions and memory.
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The sense of smell does not play a role in recognizing individual animals.
The sense of smell does not play a role in recognizing individual animals.
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The chemosensory system encompasses only the olfactory and gustatory systems.
The chemosensory system encompasses only the olfactory and gustatory systems.
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The insular cortex is responsible for processing taste information.
The insular cortex is responsible for processing taste information.
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The orbitofrontal cortex only processes gustatory information.
The orbitofrontal cortex only processes gustatory information.
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The activity of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex increases when a food is consumed to satiety.
The activity of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex increases when a food is consumed to satiety.
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The trigeminal system is involved in processing pain signals.
The trigeminal system is involved in processing pain signals.
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The activity of Von Economo’s neurons increases when an animal is stressed.
The activity of Von Economo’s neurons increases when an animal is stressed.
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The orbitofrontal cortex and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are distinct regions of the brain.
The orbitofrontal cortex and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are distinct regions of the brain.
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Individuals with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are more likely to engage in impulsive and risk-taking behaviors.
Individuals with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are more likely to engage in impulsive and risk-taking behaviors.
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Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex only respond to single types of sensory stimuli.
Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex only respond to single types of sensory stimuli.
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The trigeminal system plays a role in regulating feeding behavior.
The trigeminal system plays a role in regulating feeding behavior.
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The nucleus of the solitary tract is directly connected to the orbitofrontal cortex.
The nucleus of the solitary tract is directly connected to the orbitofrontal cortex.
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Stimulation of the blue areas in the brain leads to an ingestive behavior in animals.
Stimulation of the blue areas in the brain leads to an ingestive behavior in animals.
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The insular cortex is responsible for the primary gustatory function in both monkeys and humans.
The insular cortex is responsible for the primary gustatory function in both monkeys and humans.
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The insular cortex is primarily activated by gustative and autonomic stimuli.
The insular cortex is primarily activated by gustative and autonomic stimuli.
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Tumors in the insula can affect autonomic regulation and result in hypertension.
Tumors in the insula can affect autonomic regulation and result in hypertension.
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Neurons in the insular cortex do not mediate stress responses like those in the amygdala.
Neurons in the insular cortex do not mediate stress responses like those in the amygdala.
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The olfactory tuberculous is connected to the left fusiform gyrus, which plays a critical role in face and identity recognition based on odors.
The olfactory tuberculous is connected to the left fusiform gyrus, which plays a critical role in face and identity recognition based on odors.
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The anterior olfactory nucleus is primarily connected to the primary visual cortex, which is unrelated to olfactory functions.
The anterior olfactory nucleus is primarily connected to the primary visual cortex, which is unrelated to olfactory functions.
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The brainstem and posterior insula are involved in protective fast respiratory reduction as a reflex action triggered by noxious stimuli entering the nose.
The brainstem and posterior insula are involved in protective fast respiratory reduction as a reflex action triggered by noxious stimuli entering the nose.
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Social behavior experiments have shown that the perception of specific odors can activate the amygdala and the right parahippocampal cortex.
Social behavior experiments have shown that the perception of specific odors can activate the amygdala and the right parahippocampal cortex.
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Olfactory perception has no overlap with pleasant or disgusting emotional responses in the brain.
Olfactory perception has no overlap with pleasant or disgusting emotional responses in the brain.
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The orbitofrontal cortex is considered the primary gustatory area and is also involved in olfactory processing.
The orbitofrontal cortex is considered the primary gustatory area and is also involved in olfactory processing.
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The anterior cingulate cortex is one of the brain areas commonly associated with olfactory and emotional processing.
The anterior cingulate cortex is one of the brain areas commonly associated with olfactory and emotional processing.
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Respiration can serve as a reflex to expel noxious substances entering the nasal cavity.
Respiration can serve as a reflex to expel noxious substances entering the nasal cavity.
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The fusiform face area, located in the middle region of the frontal lobe, is responsive to olfactory stimuli.
The fusiform face area, located in the middle region of the frontal lobe, is responsive to olfactory stimuli.
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Olfaction plays a minimal role in social behavior and emotional responses.
Olfaction plays a minimal role in social behavior and emotional responses.
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The anterior insula is activated unilaterally when a person experiences a disgusting odor.
The anterior insula is activated unilaterally when a person experiences a disgusting odor.
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Studies have shown that there is significant overlap in the brain regions activated by the perception of disgust in oneself and the observation of disgust in others.
Studies have shown that there is significant overlap in the brain regions activated by the perception of disgust in oneself and the observation of disgust in others.
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The taste system solely relies on the taste buds within the mouth for taste perception.
The taste system solely relies on the taste buds within the mouth for taste perception.
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The olfactory system, trigeminal system, and taste system work independently of one another to determine the potential for ingestion of food.
The olfactory system, trigeminal system, and taste system work independently of one another to determine the potential for ingestion of food.
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The texture of a food is not a significant factor in taste perception.
The texture of a food is not a significant factor in taste perception.
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The primary function of taste is to detect the presence of specific substances in food.
The primary function of taste is to detect the presence of specific substances in food.
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The presence of pain-inducing substances, such as pepper, may alter the taste experience.
The presence of pain-inducing substances, such as pepper, may alter the taste experience.
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The receptors for the taste system are solely located on the tongue.
The receptors for the taste system are solely located on the tongue.
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The observation of disgust in another person engages the same neural substrates as experiencing disgust oneself.
The observation of disgust in another person engages the same neural substrates as experiencing disgust oneself.
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Study Notes
The Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Taste
- The chemosensory system detects chemicals. It comprises the olfactory system (odors), gustatory system (taste), and trigeminal chemosensory system (irritating molecules).
- Receptors are located in nasal and oral cavities, close to the eyes.
- The senses of smell and taste help differentiate desirable and nutritious foods from undesirable or harmful ones; they also trigger physiological and behavioral responses, especially concerning the digestion and utilization of food, and recognizing the proximity of other animals and individuals.
- These senses have a strong connection to primitive emotional and behavioral functions in the nervous system.
The Olfactory System
- Olfactory receptors are located in olfactory epithelium within the nasal cavity.
- Information is relayed through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb.
- The olfactory bulb contains glomeruli, which receive input from olfactory neurons.
- Mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb send axons through the olfactory tract to the piriform cortex in the temporal lobe.
The Olfactory System: Brain Structures
- The olfactory tract enters the brain at the mesencephalon/cerebrum junction.
- Two pathways exist: a medial pathway (primitive olfactory system) and a lateral pathway (newer system).
- The medial olfactory area connects to primitive limbic system structures, like septal nuclei, central to basic behavior.
- The lateral olfactory system involves prepyriform and pyriform cortex, portions of the amygdala, and the paleocortex in the temporal lobe. Sensory signals pass here directly, rather than through the thalamus.
- A newer pathway to the dorsomedial thalamus and orbitofrontal cortex exists, enabling conscious odor analysis.
- The olfactory system's size relative to the animal's body size indicates its importance in survival and biological functions. Olfactory epithelium is approximately 10 cm² in humans and 20 cm² in cats.
Other Olfactory System Components and Pathways
- The olfactory tubercle is important for limbic system functions.
- Portions of the limbic system, (the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and olfactory tubercle), integrate olfactory info at cortical and subcortical levels.
- Signals are conveyed to the orbitofrontal cortex via the amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus for higher-level processing and memory retention/retrieval.
- The olfactory bulb includes several layers, some superficial others deep. Connections exist to the amygdala and entorhinal cortex in the second layer. There are also connections to the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex from elements of the second and third layers.
Olfaction and Social Behavior
- Odors can elicit specific physiological and behavioral responses, like increasing heart rate in response to danger, or salivation in response to good smells.
- The olfactory system triggers responses involving endocrine and reproductive functions; it's essential for maternal-child interactions and in determining food preferences. Pheroemones are also crucial for animals in these aspects.
- Observation of odorants activating disgust responses in others can elicit corresponding activity in observers.
The Taste System
- Taste is primarily detected by taste buds in the mouth.
- Smell, texture, and pain sensations from food influence taste perception.
- Taste buds send signals to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem, and then to the ventral posterior medial thalamus.
- Signals then travel to the primary gustatory cortex—the frontal operculum and insula region.
- The insula cortex plays a role in behavioral responses (ingestive or repulsive) to taste stimulation.
- There are different parts of the insula activated depending on the type of taste detected—bitter, sweet, sour, salty, and umami.
- The orbitofrontal cortex is secondary gustatory cortex, receives information from other sensory systems (olfaction and vision). Crucial in regulating appetite, feeding behavior, and satiety. It integrates information from multiple senses and responds by influencing taste judgments.
- Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex respond to a combination of tastes, smells, visual aspects and tactile aspects of foods.
- The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for understanding the relation between stimuli and behavior.
The Trigeminal System
- The trigeminal system processes nociceptive (pain) information, especially from the face.
- Trigeminal nerve branches carry nociceptive signals from the face and mouth.
- Unlike olfactory and gustratory systems, the trigeminal system uses the ventro-posterior medial complex to send information to other nociceptive areas of the brain.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the trigeminal chemosensory system, olfactory structures, and their roles in processing smell and taste. This quiz delves into key components like the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, and insular cortex. Test your knowledge about how these systems interact and their significance in perception.
