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Questions and Answers
What neurotransmitter is classified as a monoamine?
What neurotransmitter is classified as a monoamine?
Norepinephrine
If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is?
If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is?
hyperpolarized
What are muscles and glands whose activities are controlled by nervous activity called?
What are muscles and glands whose activities are controlled by nervous activity called?
Effectors
The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is?
The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is?
A neuron may have?
A neuron may have?
What two cell types occur in neural tissue?
What two cell types occur in neural tissue?
A nerve cell membrane becomes depolarized as a result of?
A nerve cell membrane becomes depolarized as a result of?
An immune response that affects the myelin coating on axons throughout the spinal cord and brain, triggering inflammation and leaving scars, is?
An immune response that affects the myelin coating on axons throughout the spinal cord and brain, triggering inflammation and leaving scars, is?
What type of electrical signal is an all-or-none response?
What type of electrical signal is an all-or-none response?
Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by _________.
Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by _________.
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called?
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called?
At a synapse, match the types of neurons:
At a synapse, match the types of neurons:
In a resting neuron, the area just inside of the cell membrane is more __________ than the area just outside of the cell membrane.
In a resting neuron, the area just inside of the cell membrane is more __________ than the area just outside of the cell membrane.
The myelin sheath along an axon is not continuous. What are the gaps between Schwann cells called?
The myelin sheath along an axon is not continuous. What are the gaps between Schwann cells called?
Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has?
Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has?
Diverging axons amplify an impulse by?
Diverging axons amplify an impulse by?
In what type of axon does saltatory conduction occur?
In what type of axon does saltatory conduction occur?
The class of neurotransmitters called neuropeptides include which neurotransmitter(s)?
The class of neurotransmitters called neuropeptides include which neurotransmitter(s)?
A neuron is stimulated, which changes membrane potential to the point where voltage-gated Na+ channels open and begin depolarizing the cell. The neuron has reached?
A neuron is stimulated, which changes membrane potential to the point where voltage-gated Na+ channels open and begin depolarizing the cell. The neuron has reached?
In convergence, two or more incoming fibers contact a single neuron, whereas in divergence, impulses leaving a neuron pass into several output fibers.
In convergence, two or more incoming fibers contact a single neuron, whereas in divergence, impulses leaving a neuron pass into several output fibers.
A drug that functions as an agonist?
A drug that functions as an agonist?
What is the effect of the binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane?
What is the effect of the binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane?
The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.
The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.
Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord?
Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord?
The refractory period for an area of cell membrane occurs after?
The refractory period for an area of cell membrane occurs after?
The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is?
The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is?
The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is?
The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is?
Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot, because?
Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot, because?
Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are?
Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are?
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Synapses
- Monoamines: Norepinephrine is classified as a monoamine neurotransmitter.
- Neurotransmitter Release: Presynaptic neurons use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
- Neuropeptides: Enkephalins and substance P are examples of neuropeptide neurotransmitters.
- Dopamine: Often increased when using drugs that induce a sense of well-being.
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neuron Composition: Neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites to receive signals.
- Membrane Potential: A resting neuron has a more negative internal environment compared to outside; becomes hyperpolarized if more negative.
- Depolarization: Resulting from the opening of Na+ ion channels, causing Na+ ions to flow into the neuron.
- Action Potentials: Represent an all-or-none electrical signal response.
Myelin and Conduction
- Myelination: In the CNS, oligodendrocytes form myelin; Schwann cells create myelin in the PNS.
- Saltatory Conduction: Occurs in myelinated axons, allowing for faster signal transmission.
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps between myelinated segments are crucial for rapid conduction.
Neural Communication
- Effectors: Muscles and glands that are controlled by nervous activity are termed effectors.
- Refractory Periods:
- Absolute Refractory Period: No new action potential can be generated.
- Relative Refractory Period: A stronger-than-usual stimulus is required to trigger another action potential.
Immune Responses and Disorders
- Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune condition affecting myelin, causing inflammation and scarring in the CNS.
Neural Pathways
- Divergence and Convergence:
- Divergence amplifies impulses by connecting a neuron to multiple others.
- Convergence allows multiple signals to contact a single neuron.
Drug Interaction with Receptors
- Agonists: Drugs that activate receptors facilitate neurotransmitter binding or can initiate an action potential.
Stem Cells and Neurons
- Neural Stem Cells: Can be preserved posthumously due to lower oxygen needs compared to mature neurons, allowing for potential future therapies.
Summary of Key Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine: Controls skeletal muscle contraction; essential for motor function.
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