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Questions and Answers
Sensory neurons traveling in the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves provide input to the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Sensory neurons traveling in the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves provide input to the nucleus of the solitary tract.
True (A)
The dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway is primarily involved in transmitting information regarding pain and visceral state of organs.
The dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway is primarily involved in transmitting information regarding pain and visceral state of organs.
False (B)
The amygdala receives visceral sensory information directly from the spinal visceral sensory neurons.
The amygdala receives visceral sensory information directly from the spinal visceral sensory neurons.
False (B)
The preganglionic neurons involved in visceral reflexes are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
The preganglionic neurons involved in visceral reflexes are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) is solely responsible for processing gustatory information.
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) is solely responsible for processing gustatory information.
The parabrachial nucleus, located in the brainstem, plays a role in regulating homeostasis.
The parabrachial nucleus, located in the brainstem, plays a role in regulating homeostasis.
The central autonomic network integrates visceral sensory information with inputs from other sensory modalities and cognitive centers, but not with emotional experiences.
The central autonomic network integrates visceral sensory information with inputs from other sensory modalities and cognitive centers, but not with emotional experiences.
The insula cortex receives direct input from the nucleus of the solitary tract.
The insula cortex receives direct input from the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Nociceptive endings in the spinal visceral sensory neurons are primarily responsible for detecting pressure and stretch.
Nociceptive endings in the spinal visceral sensory neurons are primarily responsible for detecting pressure and stretch.
The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating visceral functions, but it does not receive input from the nucleus of the solitary tract.
The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating visceral functions, but it does not receive input from the nucleus of the solitary tract.
There are approximately 1,200,000 somatic motor neurons present in the human body.
There are approximately 1,200,000 somatic motor neurons present in the human body.
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Acetylcholine is utilized as a neurotransmitter by postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Acetylcholine is utilized as a neurotransmitter by postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The parasympathetic system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system.
The parasympathetic system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system.
The communication between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons occurs exclusively through dopamine.
The communication between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons occurs exclusively through dopamine.
The sympathetic nervous system fibers exit the prevertebral ganglia and directly stimulate visceral organs.
The sympathetic nervous system fibers exit the prevertebral ganglia and directly stimulate visceral organs.
Parasympathetic ganglia typically innervate multiple end-organs that are located far from where their neurons originate.
Parasympathetic ganglia typically innervate multiple end-organs that are located far from where their neurons originate.
Sympathetic ganglia usually have fewer preganglionic fibers innervating them compared to parasympathetic ganglia.
Sympathetic ganglia usually have fewer preganglionic fibers innervating them compared to parasympathetic ganglia.
The enteric nervous system operates completely independently and does not require the modulation of the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems.
The enteric nervous system operates completely independently and does not require the modulation of the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems.
Sweat glands are innervated solely by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Sweat glands are innervated solely by the parasympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal medulla is part of the visceral motor system and is exclusively controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal medulla is part of the visceral motor system and is exclusively controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
Peristalsis in the gut can still occur even in the absence of sympathetic or parasympathetic influence.
Peristalsis in the gut can still occur even in the absence of sympathetic or parasympathetic influence.
Vascular regulation in the head occurs through autonomic innervation by the sympathetic system.
Vascular regulation in the head occurs through autonomic innervation by the sympathetic system.
The myenteric plexus is responsible for chemical monitoring and glandular secretions in the gut.
The myenteric plexus is responsible for chemical monitoring and glandular secretions in the gut.
Local circuit neurons integrate information from local and centrally projecting sensory neurons in the gut.
Local circuit neurons integrate information from local and centrally projecting sensory neurons in the gut.
Preganglionic sympathetic innervation for the gut originates primarily from the cranio-cervical region.
Preganglionic sympathetic innervation for the gut originates primarily from the cranio-cervical region.
The celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia are involved in parasympathetic innervation of the gut.
The celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia are involved in parasympathetic innervation of the gut.
Visceral sensory receptors include both mechanical and chemical receptors.
Visceral sensory receptors include both mechanical and chemical receptors.
The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve is located in the spinal cord.
The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve is located in the spinal cord.
The nucleus of the solitary tract is responsible for providing feedback to local reflexes that modulate visceral motor activity.
The nucleus of the solitary tract is responsible for providing feedback to local reflexes that modulate visceral motor activity.
Afferent activity from the viscera serves no role in informing higher integrative centers.
Afferent activity from the viscera serves no role in informing higher integrative centers.
Glandular secretions in the gut include digestive enzymes, mucus, stomach acid, and bile.
Glandular secretions in the gut include digestive enzymes, mucus, stomach acid, and bile.
The smooth muscles in the gut wall are influenced by local circuit neurons.
The smooth muscles in the gut wall are influenced by local circuit neurons.
The hypothalamus acts only as an input center for the autonomic nervous system.
The hypothalamus acts only as an input center for the autonomic nervous system.
Norepinephrine is primarily involved in preganglionic transmission of information in the sympathetic system.
Norepinephrine is primarily involved in preganglionic transmission of information in the sympathetic system.
Muscarinic receptors are associated with fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).
Muscarinic receptors are associated with fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).
The system of the NST and hypothalamus has a T structure where NST receives input and hypothalamus coordinates output.
The system of the NST and hypothalamus has a T structure where NST receives input and hypothalamus coordinates output.
Acetylcholine is exclusively used in the sympathetic nervous system.
Acetylcholine is exclusively used in the sympathetic nervous system.
The activation of reticular systems primarily decreases heart rate and respiration.
The activation of reticular systems primarily decreases heart rate and respiration.
The receptors present in peripheral sympathetic targets are classified as α, β, and their respective subtypes.
The receptors present in peripheral sympathetic targets are classified as α, β, and their respective subtypes.
The preganglionic transmission is characterized by the use of norepinephrine at the pre-synaptic membrane.
The preganglionic transmission is characterized by the use of norepinephrine at the pre-synaptic membrane.
The hypothalamus plays a minor role in cardiac reflex control.
The hypothalamus plays a minor role in cardiac reflex control.
α and β receptors belong to the ionotropic receptor class of cell surface receptors.
α and β receptors belong to the ionotropic receptor class of cell surface receptors.
Flashcards
Sympathetic chain modulation
Sympathetic chain modulation
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons can travel up and down the sympathetic chain, modulating the activity of other preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Parasympathetic ganglion location
Parasympathetic ganglion location
Parasympathetic ganglia are located near or within the organs they innervate, often with a single ganglion serving a specific organ.
Axon length comparison
Axon length comparison
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons have shorter axons than their parasympathetic counterparts because the sympathetic ganglia are located further away from the organs they innervate.
Preganglionic innervation
Preganglionic innervation
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Enteric nervous system function
Enteric nervous system function
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Enteric nervous system autonomy
Enteric nervous system autonomy
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Sympathetic innervation targets
Sympathetic innervation targets
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Parasympathetic innervation limitations
Parasympathetic innervation limitations
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Enteric Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
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Myenteric Plexus
Myenteric Plexus
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Submucous Plexus
Submucous Plexus
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Centrally Projecting Sensory Neurons
Centrally Projecting Sensory Neurons
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Local Circuit Neurons
Local Circuit Neurons
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Motor Neurons
Motor Neurons
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Preganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons
Preganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons
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Preganglionic Sympathetic Neurons
Preganglionic Sympathetic Neurons
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Mechanical Receptors
Mechanical Receptors
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Chemical Receptors
Chemical Receptors
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Spinal visceral sensory neurons
Spinal visceral sensory neurons
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What do spinal visceral sensory neurons respond to?
What do spinal visceral sensory neurons respond to?
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Anterolateral system
Anterolateral system
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Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
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Reticular formation
Reticular formation
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Central autonomic network
Central autonomic network
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Amygdala
Amygdala
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Insula cortex
Insula cortex
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What do the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry?
What do the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry?
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What is the role of the NST in sensory integration?
What is the role of the NST in sensory integration?
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Postganglionic neurons
Postganglionic neurons
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Nicotinic postganglionic receptor
Nicotinic postganglionic receptor
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
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What is the hypothalamus?
What is the hypothalamus?
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How does the hypothalamus connect to the autonomic nervous system?
How does the hypothalamus connect to the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the role of the reticular formation in arousal?
What is the role of the reticular formation in arousal?
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Describe the reticular formation's role in visceral motor control.
Describe the reticular formation's role in visceral motor control.
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What is the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)?
What is the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)?
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How do the NST and hypothalamus work together in autonomic control?
How do the NST and hypothalamus work together in autonomic control?
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What is the neurotransmitter in preganglionic transmission?
What is the neurotransmitter in preganglionic transmission?
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What is the main neurotransmitter of the postganglionic sympathetic system?
What is the main neurotransmitter of the postganglionic sympathetic system?
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What is the main neurotransmitter of the postganglionic parasympathetic system?
What is the main neurotransmitter of the postganglionic parasympathetic system?
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How do different receptor subtypes influence norepinephrine's effects?
How do different receptor subtypes influence norepinephrine's effects?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS controls most visceral functions, including arterial pressure, gastrointestinal motility, sweating, body temperature, and other activities. Some activities are entirely due to the ANS, others are only partially controlled.
- The ANS differs from the somatic nervous system by lacking somatotopic organization in the spinal cord, having lower motor neurons outside the spinal cord, having more diffused connections to tissues, and employing various neurotransmitters.
- The ANS has three divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
Historical Aspects
- Walter Gaskell discovered double innervation of organs in 1866 via electrical stimulation. One branch stimulates, the other inhibits the organ.
- John Langley identified and described the function of autonomic ganglia.
- Claude Bernard highlighted the significance of organ coordination and homeostasis in maintaining the internal environment.
- Walter Cannon related the ANS to homeostasis.
Differences between Central and Peripheral ANS
- The central autonomic system includes nuclei from the spinal cord to the cortex.
- The peripheral nervous system includes visceral sensory, preganglionic, and postganglionic efferent fibers.
Organization of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
- The sympathetic division has preganglionic neurons located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Ganglia are located close to the spinal cord.
- The parasympathetic division has preganglionic neurons located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord. Its ganglia are located near the target organs.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons generally have separate locations and functions.
Cranial Subdivision
- The oculomotor nerve (CN III) has its soma in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. It regulates the pupil constriction to light.
- The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves regulate salivary and tear secretion through ganglia.
Sacral Subdivision
- Preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey matter of the sacral spinal cord, projecting to ganglia close to the viscera.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
- Preganglionic neurons are short, postganglionic neurons are long.
- Ganglia are located close to the spinal cord (paravertebral ganglia).
- Uses mostly norepinephrine (noradrenergic).
Prevertebral Ganglia
- Located in the abdomen, close to major arteries.
- Receive preganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk.
- Innervate organs like the gut, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, and viscera.
- Regulated by paravertebral synapses.
Adrenal Medulla
- Considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.
- Releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) into the blood in response to stress.
Paravertebral Organisation
- Chains of ganglia extending bilaterally from the first cervical to the last sacral segment.
- Ganglia are located along the spinal column.
Neurotransmission
- Preganglionic neurons use acetylcholine (ACh).
- Postganglionic sympathetic neurons mostly use norepinephrine (noradrenaline), while parasympathetic neurons use ACh.
Involuntary Activity
- The ANS controls blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, and other functions.
- The baroreceptors and chemoreceptors influence the ANS. They receive sensory information and send it via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to control autonomic functions.
Bladder Control
- The sympathetic (decreasing bladder activity) and parasympathetic (increasing bladder activity) pathways regulate bladder functions.
Enteric Nervous System
- An extensive network of neurons within the gut wall that controls peristalsis and other gut functions independently of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Sensory Components
- The brain's nucleus of the solitary tract receives input from visceral sensory neurons.
- Sensory neurons in the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves also provide visceral sensory information to the brain.
Outputs and Modulation of Activity
- The hypothalamus plays a key role in coordinating autonomic activity.
- Reticular formation in the brainstem participates in controlling numerous autonomic reflexes.
Neurotransmission Differences
- Sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily use norepinephrine.
- Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons typically use acetylcholine.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to the nervous system's processing of visceral sensory information, focusing on structures like the nucleus of the solitary tract, the amygdala, and the central autonomic network. Test your understanding of how these components interact and their roles in sensory transmission and reflexes.
