Neuroscience Chapter on Synapses and Receptors

<p>Sarin inhibits the release of neurotransmitters, while cocaine blocks their reuptake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auto-antibodies bind to and block acetylcholine receptors on muscle fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic potentials are generally weaker than those of muscle fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter out irrelevant signals and ensure a specific response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divergence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves the integration of multiple inputs onto a single neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convergence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The control of the diaphragm by both conscious and subconscious processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information is relayed from one neuron to another in a stepwise fashion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves the integration of multiple inputs onto a single neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By distributing information to different neuronal pools that process it simultaneously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The response to stepping on a sharp object, involving multiple sensory and motor pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect changes in muscle tension and initiate muscle relaxation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pacinian corpuscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free nerve endings in joint capsules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruffini corpuscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control muscles in the limbs for precise and skilled movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They respond only to the onset of a stimulus and quickly adapt, ceasing to fire. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in providing information about body position and movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They control voluntary movements by directly stimulating skeletal muscle fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in regulating reflexes and involuntary muscle contractions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are sensitive to skin stretching and pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair root plexuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control muscles involved in posture and balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taste sensations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert stimuli into electrical signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing the melody of a familiar song (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of receptor that detects the stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing a feeling of fullness in your stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain balance and coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proprioceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal, and pain sensations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased responsiveness of a receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phasic receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptation is a mechanism that helps our sensory systems focus on changes in the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters can be inhibitory or excitatory and vary in type.

The change in voltage in a neuron due to synaptic transmission, often smaller than muscle action potentials.

Post-synaptic neurons combine multiple inputs to determine output action potentials.

Nicotine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, releasing dopamine, leading to euphoria.

Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors, paralyzing muscle function.

Cocaine inhibits dopamine reuptake, prolonging its action in the synaptic cleft.

An autoimmune disease where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors, causing muscle fatigue.

An autoimmune disorder where antibodies stimulate thyroid receptors, increasing hormone production.

A 'wiring diagram' of neuronal interactions that reveals functional characteristics.

The spread of information from one neuron to several neurons or pools.

Several neurons synapse onto the same postsynaptic neuron, combining multiple signals.

Information relayed in a stepwise fashion from one neuron to another or from pools.

When several neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously.

The neuron that receives signals from presynaptic neurons in convergence.

Neurons responsible for bringing information into the CNS from sensory inputs.

Groups of interconnected neurons that process specific information or responses.

Any stimulus the body is aware of, detected by receptors.

The conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation.

The property by which one sensation is distinguished from another.

Includes somatic and visceral senses providing info about body and organs.

Include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations.

Sensations regarding the position and movement of limbs and body parts.

Specialized cells that detect specific types of sensory stimuli.

Stimuli like X-rays that we cannot sense or perceive.

Sensory receptors located at or near the body surface, sensitive to external stimuli.

Receptors located in blood vessels and organs that monitor internal stimuli.

Receptors in muscles and joints providing information about body position and movement.

Receptors that detect mechanical stimuli like touch, pressure, and vibration.

Receptors that respond to painful stimuli from tissue damage.

Receptors that adapt slowly and maintain action potentials during a stimulus.

Receptors that adapt rapidly and diminish their response quickly.

The process where receptors decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.

A sensory receptor located at the junction of tendon and muscle, detecting tension.

Generates nerve impulses when muscle tension increases, signaling the CNS.

Sensory receptors located in joints, providing awareness of body position and movement.

Tactile receptors responding to light touch and low-frequency vibrations.

Free nerve endings around hair follicles detecting movement on the skin.

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors responding to skin stretching and sustained pressure.

Mechanoreceptors that respond to high-frequency vibrations.

Free nerve endings in the skin responsible for itching and tickling sensations.

Also known as pyramidal pathways, involved in voluntary movement transmission.

Neurons in the cerebral cortex that initiate voluntary movements.

The crossing over of nerve fibers, important for brain control of opposite body sides.

Pathway for 90% of UMN fibers that decussate, controlling skilled limb movements.

Pathways connecting UMNs to cranial nerve nuclei for facial and neck muscle control.