Neuroscience Chapter on Corpus Callosum
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a commissure?

  • Anterior commissure
  • Adhesio interthalamica (correct)
  • Hippocampal commissure
  • Corpus callosum

    • What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

  • Coordinating motor movements
  • Transferring information between hemispheres (correct)
  • Regulating emotions
  • Controlling sensory input

    • Which lobe(s) of the cerebral cortex are connected by the anterior commissure?

  • Temporal and occipital
  • Parietal and occipital
  • Frontal and parietal
  • Temporal (correct)

    • What is the significance of the corpus callosum for bilateral integration?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hofer and Frahm (2006), how many main components can be distinguished within the corpus callosum?

    <p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the corpus callosum primarily transfer between the hemispheres?

    <p>Sensory, motor, and higher cognitive information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two researchers are credited with pioneering research on split-brain patients at CalTech in the early 1960s?

    <p>Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the publication where the findings of the research on split-brain patients were first published?

    <p>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant difference observed in the planum temporale between humans and chimpanzees?

    <p>The planum temporale is significantly larger in humans than in chimpanzees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is enlarged in the left hemisphere of chimpanzees?

    <p>Planum temporale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the arcuate fasciculus in humans compared to non-human primates?

    <p>It is significantly larger in humans and exhibits left-sided lateralization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a distinct feature of human language areas compared to those of apes?

    <p>The planum temporale is smaller in humans than in apes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided text, what is the likely conclusion regarding the evolution of language asymmetry?

    <p>Language asymmetry likely originated from our primate ancestors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The provided research suggests that language asymmetry is a result of:

    <p>A shared ancestral characteristic among vertebrates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the vocalization systems of humans and other vertebrates?

    <p>Humans have a left-hemispheric dominance of vocalization, which is not unique to humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the research findings, which of the following is most likely to have contributed to the expansion of language functions in the human brain?

    <p>An increase in the size of the temporal cortex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main point of Pye-Smith's "sword-and-shield" hypothesis?

    <p>Left-handers were at a disadvantage in traditional warfare because of their heart position. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main observation that led Flechsig to believe that the asymmetrical crossing of the corticospinal tract could explain handedness?

    <p>He found that in 40% of people, the crossover of the corticospinal tract was asymmetric, with more right-sided axons remaining ipsilateral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did subsequent studies show about Flechsig's hypothesis concerning the asymmetrical crossing of the corticospinal tract and handedness?

    <p>The studies debunked his hypothesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Friedrich Goeler von Ravensburg's dissertation?

    <p>The aesthetic beauty of the Venus de Milo statue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Goeler von Ravensburg suggest about the Venus de Milo statue?

    <p>It was aesthetically more pleasing when viewed from the right side. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the current understanding of handedness?

    <p>It is a complex phenomenon that is not fully understood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the "sword-and-shield" hypothesis resurface in modern science?

    <p>Studies revealed that left-handers had a higher survival rate in traditional violent societies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common thread linking the work of Flechsig, Pye-Smith, and Goeler von Ravensburg?

    <p>They all investigated the relationship between brain asymmetry and various human characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for language being lateralized?

    <p>The evolution of language required a specialized system, which the left hemisphere provided. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary dysfunction associated with lesions in Wernicke's area?

    <p>Difficulty understanding spoken language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Wernicke area in language processing?

    <p>It stores the memories for associations between auditory sequences and words. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

    <p>Patients are unable to produce any speech sounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the earliest evidence of lateralized feeding behavior in an early vertebrate?

    <p>Tooth wear on the right side of <em>Captorhinus aguti</em>s jaw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these animals is NOT mentioned in the text as exhibiting behavioral asymmetry?

    <p>Early Homo sapiens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the bite marks found on trilobites?

    <p>They suggest the presence of behavioral asymmetry in early animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Anomalocaris crack the hard armor of trilobites?

    <p>By employing a technique of flexing the trilobite's body repeatedly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how long did trilobites live in the oceans?

    <p>270 million years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the Captorhinus aguti findings?

    <p>Lateralized feeding behaviors have deep evolutionary roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Cambrian Explosion in the context of behavioral asymmetry?

    <p>It was a period of rapid diversification where the first instances of behavioral asymmetry were observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of trilobites?

    <p>They were the ancestors of modern-day reptiles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the visual half field technique in split-brain patients?

    <p>To study how each hemisphere processes information independently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fact that only the left hemisphere can talk tell us about language processing?

    <p>The left hemisphere is dominant for language and conscious communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges did Vicki face after her surgery, as described in the text?

    <p>She could not coordinate the actions of her two hands and was disoriented by conflicting sensory information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the research with split-brain patients?

    <p>The hemispheres of the brain work independently and are specialized for different functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text explain Vicki's experience of 'two hands fighting' while shopping?

    <p>One hand was acting based on her visual perception, while the other was controlled by a different part of her brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the fact that only the left hemisphere can talk?

    <p>Communication requires conscious effort and control, which is primarily located in the left hemisphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what does the visual half field technique reveal about the brain's organization?

    <p>There is a distinct division of labor between the two hemispheres, with specialization for different tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the research on split-brain patients, as described in the text?

    <p>How the two hemispheres of the brain communicate and interact with each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Corticospinal tract

    A neural pathway connecting the motor cortex to hand movement neurons, crucial for motor control.

    Left-handedness

    A preference for using the left hand for tasks; linked to asymmetrical brain organization.

    Asymmetrical crossing

    Refers to how the fibers in the corticospinal tract cross over, impacting motor control differently for left and right sides.

    Flechsig's discovery

    Identified that about 40% of people have an asymmetric crossover in the corticospinal tract's fibers.

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    Sword-and-shield hypothesis

    Philip H.Pye-Smith's theory about left-handers facing challenges in combat due to their heart's position.

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    Violent societies and left-handers

    Research shows left-handers might have survival advantages in traditional violent environments.

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    Facial asymmetry

    Differences in facial structure, which can affect perceptions of beauty and warmth as noted by Goeler.

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    Venus of Milo

    An ancient statue noted for its beauty, analyzed for facial symmetry and warmth by Goeler.

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    Commissures

    Tracts of nerve fibers connecting left and right brain structures.

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    Corpus callosum

    The largest commissure linking the left and right cerebral cortex lobes.

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    Anterior commissure

    Connects the left and right temporal lobes and amygdala.

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    Hippocampal commissure

    Connects the left and right hippocampus, involved in memory.

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    Adhesio interthalamica

    A bulge of the thalami, not a true commissure.

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    Prefrontal connections

    Part of the corpus callosum connecting prefrontal areas.

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    Motor connections

    Links areas responsible for voluntary movements in both hemispheres.

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    Research on split-brain patients

    Studies that show the effects of cutting the corpus callosum.

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    Language Asymmetry

    The tendency for certain language functions to be more dominant in one hemisphere of the brain.

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    Left Hemispheric Lateralization

    The phenomenon where communication is primarily governed by the left side of the brain.

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    Planum Temporale

    An area in the temporal cortex involved in language processing, larger in the left hemisphere of some species.

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    Vocalization Control

    Control of sound production in mammals, showing left-sided dominance.

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    Cortical Minicolumns

    Small columns of neurons in the brain's cortex, wider in humans for specialized language functions.

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    Arcuate Fasciculus

    A bundle of fibers connecting language areas in the brain, larger and more lateralized in humans.

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    Evolutionary Heritage

    The concept that language asymmetry was inherited from primate ancestors.

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    Expanded Temporal Cortex

    The increase in size of the temporal cortex in humans, allowing more space for language functions.

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    Cambrian Explosion

    A major evolutionary event 500 million years ago marked by rapid diversification of life.

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    Behavioral Asymmetries

    Differences in behavior related to sides, often evident in animal feeding patterns.

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    Trilobites

    Early marine arthropods that lived for over 270 million years and exhibited lateralized behavior.

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    Anomalocaris

    A prehistoric predator known for its unique hunting technique using lateralized feeding.

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    Lateralized Bite Marks

    Uneven bite marks on prey indicating preference for one side during predation.

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    Captorhinus aguti

    A small Permian reptile that showed evidence of preferential right-side chewing.

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    Lateralized Feeding Behavior

    A feeding preference for one side, observed in some prehistoric animals.

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    Evolutionary Significance

    The importance of traits for survival and adaptation over time.

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    Visual Half Field Technique

    A method used in studies where stimuli are shown to either the left or right visual field, affecting the corresponding brain hemisphere.

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    Split-Brain Patients

    Individuals who have undergone surgery to sever the corpus callosum, leading to divided brain function.

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    Left Hemisphere Functions

    The left side of the brain is responsible for language and verbal communication.

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    Right Hemisphere Functions

    The right side of the brain specializes in spatial abilities and visual processing.

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    Gazzaniga (2000)

    A researcher who contributed to our understanding of split-brain functions, highlighting the communication limitations post-surgery.

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    Vicky's Challenges

    Vicky, a split-brain patient, struggled with tasks like shopping due to conflicting hemispheric control.

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    Sensorimotor Circuit

    The network of brain regions involved in perceiving and responding to sensory stimuli through movement.

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    Conscious Communication Limitations

    After split-brain surgery, communication is limited to interactions of one hemisphere at a time.

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    Language complexity

    Language is the most complex cognitive system evolved, mostly processed in the left hemisphere.

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    Left hemisphere

    Primarily responsible for language processing, especially analysis of consonant sounds.

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    Right hemisphere

    Involved in frequency analysis and prosody rather than detailed word analysis.

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    Wernicke’s area

    A crucial area for language comprehension, linking auditory patterns with words.

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    Pure word deafness

    Condition from Wernicke's area damage that affects word comprehension but spares speech ability.

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    Broca’s area

    An area associated with speech production, facilitating the formation of language.

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    Lateralized language processing

    Division of language processing primarily between the left and right hemispheres.

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    Carl Wernicke

    The neurologist who proposed that Wernicke's area holds memory for auditory and word associations.

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    Study Notes

    Left Brain - Right Brain

    • The left brain is associated with logic, accuracy, and language
    • The right brain is associated with creativity, passion, and imagination

    Literature

    • The lecture materials guide students towards the exam
    • Relevant study resources are available on Moodle

    Dawn of Asymmetry Research: Localizationists Against Holists

    • The discovery of brain asymmetries has roots in the 19th century
    • The principle of localization suggests that the mind can be broken up into specific functions in different brain areas
    • The holistic view, which was once prevalent, saw the mind as a single unity with equipotential areas in the brain

    Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

    • A leading medical scientist in the 19th century
    • Flourens explored brain functions using animal models
    • Flourens believed that functions were not localized in specific brain areas but widespread throughout the brain
    • By observing animals after lesions, Flourens could determine what functions were impacted
    • His studies directly supported that the mind is actually in the brain but not localized

    Franz Joseph Gall

    • A controversial figure whose ideas on cerebral localization theory were later supported by scientific evidence
    • Gall was interested in how people were different in their abilities
    • For example, people with protruding eyes often had good memory
    • Gall proposed that specific mental abilities are in specific areas of the brain
    • Gall developed phrenology, a technique of mapping mental traits onto the skull

    The Dawn of Asymmetry Research: Localization Theory Revisited

    • Jean Bouillaud was convinced that brain diseases required a thorough study and autopsies
    • He believed that brain functions could be localized accurately
    • Bouillaud suggested a process of examination and study to find these locations
    • Bouillaud supported the idea that specific brain lesions result in specific functional deficits

    Ernest Aubertin

    • Was a son-in-law of Bouillard, and a strong supporter of localization theory
    • In 1861, Aubertin presented his findings from a patient with exposed brain due to a head wound
    • He demonstrated a strong case that speech was localized in the brain and in a specific area

    Pierre Paul Broca

    • In 1861, discovered a link between a specific brain area and a function: Language
    • Found that a large lesion in the left frontal lobe caused language loss
    • Leborgne was a patient of Brocca who could only say "tan". This led to the discovery of Broca's area

    The Dawn of Asymmetry Research: The Discovery

    • Broca was a key figure in realizing that certain areas of the brain controlled language functions
    • Broca observed patients with language impairments and identified the damaged area in their brains
    • Other researchers and scientists found cases of similar types of deficits and further strengthened Broca's findings

    The Dawn of Handedness Research

    • Handedness has been traced back millions of years
    • Early theories proposed different explanations for handedness, but none were supported
    • After the discovery of language asymmetry, scientists sought a similar pattern for handedness

    The Dawn of Facial Asymmetry Research

    • Von Ravensburg believed symmetry was not a healthy state and that asymmetries were signs of mental deterioration and criminality
    • Christoph Hasse studied facial asymmetries in healthy individuals and concluded that asymmetry is normal

    The Dawn of Facial Asymmetry Research

    • A number of scientists felt that Von Ravensburg and Lombroso were wrong. For example, Christoph Hasse photographed the face of the Venus of Milo with others and then investigated the asymmetries of the German army
    • Hasse concluded that asymmetry is not abnormal

    The Dawn of Facial Asymmetry Research

    • Werner Wolff suspected that facial asymmetries indicated different personality traits;
    • He believed the right side of the face demonstrated a "formal" individual aspect and the left side a "desirable" personal aspect

    The Evolution of Human Handedness

    • Evidence for handedness dates back millions of years
    • Prehistoric tools and techniques suggest right-hand dominance in early humans
    • In modern humans there is a preference for the right hand over the left
    • Studies show that population asymmetry is not necessarily present early in all animal evolution

    Evolution of Limb Asymmetries

    • Limb preferences are widespread in vertebrates
    • Limb preferences appear in unrelated clades when species specialize in specific actions
    • Left-right asymmetry may be observed in simple actions that require no conscious intent on the part of the animal
    • Strong population asymmetry is based on the manual complexity of the action

    Reconstructing the Evolution of Handedness in Vertebrates

    • Scientists have worked to reconstruct the evolutionary pedigree of handedness across a wide range of species
    • The analysis of a variety of species provides information about language asymmetry
    • In humans many traits of handedness are strongly correlated with the individual, but other traits are more consistent across a given population
    • Humans show high population asymmetry and this may be linked to the complexity of tasks that require both hands coordinated

    Reconstructing the Evolution of Vocalization Asymmetries

    • Lateralization of vocalizations is widespread across many vertebrates
    • There is no common ancestor in respect to language asymmetry across vertebrates
    • Mammals show evidence of left hemisphere lateralization of communication
    • Primates have also shown this trait, suggesting that the trait may be inherited from ancestors

    The Evolution of Language Asymmetry

    • Left-sided dominance for vocalization control is a trait in mammals, and not just limited to humans
    • The planum temporale area in the temporal cortex is larger in humans on the left side, and not necessarily as a trait
    • This is also present in chimpanzees and other lesser primates
    • Non-human primates have a smaller arcuate fasciculus

    Evolution of Vocalization and Language Systems

    • Vocalization asymmetries are widespread in vertebrates
    • There is no common ancestor of language asymmetry across vertebrates
    • In mammals there's a link to species specific vocalizations based on origin and including primates
    • Humans inherited left-hemispheric asymmetry and a design that links cortical areas and includes language

    Evolution of Asymmetries in Animals

    • Asymmetries in body and brain are widespread in vertebrates and invertebrates
    • The distribution of functional and structural asymmetry is seen in bilaterian species across many millions of years of phylogenic evolution

    Asymmetry pays

    • The widespread distribution of cerebral asymmetries suggest a strong evolutionary advantage
    • Asymmetry has been linked to increased perceptual and motor learning effects within one side of the brain
    • Asymmetry results in a faster reaction time in a variety of actions, including those that are more complex
    • Asymmetry allows for parallel processing when using both sides of the brain

    Research with Split-Brain Patients

    • Split-brain research has advanced our knowledge of hemispheric asymmetries
    • Callosal agenesis is a condition where the corpus callosum does not develop
    • Interhemispheric transfer shows variability in cognitive abilities (i.e., handedness)
    • Patients with callosal agenesis have normal functions besides language processing

    Structural Hemispheric Asymmetries

    • This section of the book will not be included in the lecture or the exam

    Language and the Left Hemisphere

    • Language is a complex cognitive system that evolved
    • Language processing involves specialized areas in the left hemisphere, such as Wernicke's and Broca's areas, but is not entirely a function of the left hemisphere

    Lateralized Language Processing: Basic Facts

    • The Wernicke and Broca areas in the brain are important to language processing
    • Time analysis is mostly left hemisphere based which helps in consonant comprehension
    • Prosody is dominated by the right hemisphere of the brain (better comprehension of pitch and tones)
    • Overall, language is largely a bihemispheric function; however, many important aspects are related to processing on the left hemisphere

    Language Processing: Wernicke's Area

    • Wernicke's area plays a critical role in auditory pattern recognition for language comprehension
    • Lesions to Wernicke's area result in the inability to comprehend spoken language even if the ability to produce it is maintained
    • Problems in word comprehension are a result of this deficiency

    Language Processing Stream: Wernicke Area

    • Wernicke's area is associated with memories and the correlations of auditory sequences of words
    • Speech deficiencies are often related to issues in comprehension rather than in speech generation
    • Pure word deafness specifically impacts a person's ability to comprehend spoken words, even if they can hear other aspects of the language

    Challenges of Speech Processing

    • Spectrograms can be used to visualize the spectral structure of speech production in terms of both temporal changes and frequency
    • Spectral resolution and temporal resolution are canonically conjugate variables, meaning that improvements in one are at the expense of improvements in the other

    Information Processing in the Temporal Gyrus

    • The superior temporal gyrus is the computational hub that isolates various elements of sound and matches them to internal representations
    • This area helps in distinguishing various features of sounds, including both frequency variations and temporal variations
    • Damage to the temporal gyrus can impact the ability to discriminate frequency and time variations

    Information Processing in the Temporal Gyrus

    • The primary auditory cortex is primarily responsible for processing frequencies
    • Wernicke's area, on the left, helps extract temporal features in the language sound
    • Wernicke's area, on the right, helps extract frequency features of the language sound

    Information Processing in the Temporal Gyrus

    • This study investigated structural and physiological differences in the left and right Wernicke areas, using measures of syllable recognition speed and dendrite/axon density
    • The speed of syllable recognition was significantly faster on the left hemisphere
    • The density of dendrites/axons was higher on the left hemisphere; this suggests a correlation with speed of parsing the language sound

    Thousands of Languages - One Lateralized Brain

    • Humans speak many different languages, but language is lateralized in the left hemisphere
    • The general pattern of brain activation for language is consistent across many different languages

    Summary - Anatomical Asymmetries in the Wernicke Area

    • The areas on the left hemisphere are more closely packed together compared with the right side of the brain
    • The left hemisphere is better at interpreting language sounds given detail
    • The left hemisphere is faster in processing language details, and also more precisely processes these details because of a higher density of neural connections
    • The right hemisphere is better able to isolate slower and more complex language components

    Aphasias as Examples of Disrupted Intrahemispheric Processing

    • Aphasias typically involve issues with language, due to damage predominantly in the left hemisphere, and are associated with specific speech problems
    • Wernicke aphasia involves highly fluent speech but decreased comprehension
    • Conduction aphasia focuses on the inability to properly transfer information from Wernicke to Broca's area, which results in problems in language transfer between the two locations in the brain

    Aphasias as Examples of Disrupted Intrahemispheric Processing

    • Aphasias result from damage that disturbs the normal communication between these language processing areas in the brain
    • Leads symptoms, or indicators, are decreased ability to comprehend language, production of fluent but nonsensical speech, word finding difficulties, phonetic problems, and various forms of paraphasia

    Language-Functional Definition of the Posterior Speech Area

    • The posterior speech area integrates auditory input with meaning from other parts of the brain
    • Damage to this area impacts the link between words and their meaning, often producing a type of transcortical sensory aphasia
    • Lead symptoms are a reduction in speech comprehension, and difficulties with word finding and production

    Language-Functional Definition of the Posterior Speech Area

    • Problems in word-finding, often involve long pauses, repetition or semantic and phonematic paraphrases
    • Speech deficits from lesions in the posterior speech area are tied to production/comprehension in the Wernicke and Broca areas

    Language Processing II: Parallel Information Transfer

    • Language networks in the brain are not entirely limited to one region; there are direct and indirect pathways
    • The indirect pathway between Wernicke to the posterior speech area is found in both the left and right hemispheres,
    • The direct connection exists only in the left hemisphere, meaning these pathways are not symmetric

    Language Processing III: Broca's Area

    • Broca's area is tied to the production and output of language including articulation, grammar, and other elements of language comprehension

    Broca's Aphasia

    • Broca aphasia is a speech disorder in the left hemisphere, associated with deficits in grammar and articulation
    • Individuals can still understand what others say but struggle with communicating. Speech can be nonsensical to the listener, with an emphasis on function words and/or errors in basic word formation
    • Agrammatism, Anomia, and Articulation problems

    Summary

    • The way from Wernicke's to Broca's area highlights a shift from sensory to motor-based language processing
    • Since grammar is a sort of "rule" system for speech, its processing is largely left hemispheric owing at least in part to the voice onset time processing in the Wernicke's area
    • These patterns of left hemisphere influence on speech and language relate also to related processes such as behavioral routines or/and apraxia
    • Language-based behavior and function rely not only on structural organization but also on integrated neuro-network activities tied to sensory-motor mapping

    Creating a Diagnostic Dialogue

    • Wernicke's aphasia is related to problems in comprehension that might be indicated by obvious mistakes in word use
    • Broca aphasia is tied to deficits in speech production that show a relative preservation in comprehension

    Language Processing: Right Hemisphere

    • The right hemisphere is crucial for analyzing slow tonal changes and other aspects of music
    • It is also associated with integrating the meaning beyond literal words

    The Case of Whistle Language

    • Whistle language is a complex but unique form of communication that relies predominantly on pitch variations
    • The process of using this language doesn't rely on the same parts of the brain used to process other more "traditional" forms of language, thus, this type of language is less influenced by the typical left lateralized speech regions

    Is Whistle Language Lateralized?

    • Though the whistled language uses aspects of the language learned from more traditional (spoken) languages, this process is largely bihemispheric
    • Whistled language relies on auditory patterns rather than words, and therefore may not follow the typical left hemisphere-based processes found in other languages

    Is Whistle Language Lateralized?

    • Whistle language may not follow conventional patterns of language lateralization. Research shows that dichotic listening tasks may have different results for whistled- vs. non-whistled language, meaning some aspects of speech comprehension and production may be different
    • Whistle language may benefit from both hemispheres of the brain and this is an example of non-typical lateralization

    Example Questions

    • A variety of questions for study from aspects of language, including its processing, and its expression
    • A list of example research paradigms and topics to further refine understanding of language and language disorders

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