Neuroscience Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the critical ion required for vesicle fusion during neurotransmitter release?

  • Na+
  • Ca2+ (correct)
  • K+
  • Cl-

    • Which type of synapse allows for fast, bidirectional communication?

  • Axon-axonic synapse
  • Chemical synapse
  • Electrical synapse (correct)
  • Neuromuscular junction

    • Which of the following proteins acts as a calcium sensor during vesicle fusion?

  • Calcium channel
  • Synapsin
  • Synaptotagmin (correct)
  • SNARE complex

    • What is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine?

    <p>Choline acetyltransferase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

    <p>Graded potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell is responsible for the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Astrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the axon hillock?

    <p>Integrating signals and initiating action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of axoplasmic transport moves materials from the axon terminal back to the soma?

    <p>Retrograde (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the neuronal cytoskeleton is TRUE?

    <p>Actin microfilaments provide structural support and stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Nernst equation used to calculate?

    <p>The equilibrium potential for a specific ion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

    <p>Transmit electrical signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>To receive signals from other neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for branches of an axon that synapse on the neuron itself?

    <p>Recurrent collaterals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Neuron Doctrine

    Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system for signaling.

    Types of Cells in Nervous System

    Neurons conduct impulses; glial cells support neurons.

    Axoplasmic Transport

    Movement of materials within axons; anterograde and retrograde types.

    Components of Cytoskeleton

    Microtubules provide structure; neurofilaments offer stability; actin microfilaments assist in shape.

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    Functions of Astrocytes

    Support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

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    Resting Membrane Potential

    The voltage difference across a neuron’s membrane at rest, determined by ion gradients.

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    Nernst Equation

    Calculates the equilibrium potential for ions across the membrane.

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    Neural Circuits

    Functional groups of interconnected neurons, such as reflex arcs.

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    Action Potential Phases

    Phases include resting, threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to rest.

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    Synaptic Transmission Steps

    Process: Action potential → Ca2+ influx → Vesicle fusion → Neurotransmitter release.

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    Types of Synapses

    Electrical synapses allow direct ion flow; chemical synapses release neurotransmitters.

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    Ionotropic vs. Metabotropic Receptors

    Ionotropic receptors are fast, ligand-gated; metabotropic receptors are slow, G-protein coupled.

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    Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

    Excitatory include glutamate and acetylcholine; inhibitory include GABA and glycine.

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    Study Notes

    Neuron Structure and Function

    • Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical signals.
    • Glial cells support neurons and include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells.
    • Neuron labeling includes identifying the soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, and synapse.
    • Neurites are processes extending from the soma, including dendrites and axons. Axon collaterals are branches of an axon, while recurrent collaterals synapse on the neuron itself.
    • Cytoskeleton components, including microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin microfilaments, provide structure, transport, stability, and motility to the neuron.
    • Axoplasmic transport includes anterograde (soma to axon terminal) and retrograde (terminal to soma) transport.
    • Protein synthesis occurs primarily in the soma with limited synthesis in axons and dendrites.
    • Neuron types include sensory, motor, and interneurons.
    • Dendritic arbor regulation modifies synaptic input strength.

    Glial Cells and Nervous System Organization

    • Glial cell types include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells in the CNS, and Schwann cells, satellite cells in the PNS.
    • Glial cells provide support, maintain the blood-brain barrier, myelinate axons, participate in immune responses, and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

    Nervous System Organization

    • Nervous system organization separates the CNS (brain and spinal cord) from the PNS (nerves and ganglia).

    Membrane Properties and Electrical Signaling

    • Neuron membrane structure is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and ion channels.
    • Ion transport includes passive ion channels and active pumps like the Na+/K+ ATPase.
    • Resting membrane potential is influenced by ion gradients and selective membrane permeability.
    • The Nernst and Goldman equations define equilibrium and membrane potential, respectively.
    • Action potentials are characterized by an all-or-none response, refractory periods, and phases including resting membrane potential, threshold, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
    • Action potential speed increases through myelination and larger axon diameter.
    • Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels control action potential generation and propagation.

    Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters

    • Synapses are classified as electrical and chemical.
    • Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release.
    • Neurotransmitter release steps include action potential triggering Ca2+ influx, facilitating vesicle fusion, and neurotransmitter release.
    • Synaptic vesicle fusion relies on proteins like synaptotagmin and SNARE complexes.
    • Postsynaptic receptors are ionotropic (fast, ligand-gated) or metabotropic (slow, G-protein coupled).
    • Neurotransmitters are classified by synthesis criteria, structure, function, and receptor interaction.
    • Specific neurotransmitter synthesis steps and rate-limiting steps are also described (e.g., for acetylcholine and catecholamines).
    • Different neurotransmitters are categorized as excitatory (e.g., glutamate, acetylcholine) or inhibitory (e.g., GABA, glycine).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in neuroscience, focusing on neurotransmitter release, neuronal structures, and functions of glial cells. This quiz covers important physiological mechanisms such as vesicle fusion, action potentials, and axoplasmic transport.

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