Neuroscience Chapter 12 and 13 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which functions are modulated by the norepinephrine network?

  • Pain and reproduction
  • Growth and development
  • Sleep-wake and learning (correct)
  • Memory and motor control

What is a consequence of low serotonin levels?

  • Increased pleasure and reward
  • Better sleep quality
  • Enhanced memory retention
  • Migraines (correct)

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with motor control?

  • GABA
  • Dopamine (correct)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin

How do cholinesterase inhibitors affect acetylcholine levels?

<p>They prolong acetylcholine activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do drugs like heroin and morphine have on GABA?

<p>They inhibit GABA, leading to increased dopamine release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which network is primarily involved in modulating feelings of well-being?

<p>Serotonin network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of excessive dopamine medication in Parkinson's patients?

<p>Hypersexuality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary role of hormones in the body?

<p>To regulate growth and development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the LSDS in normal tissues?

<p>To support parenchymal cells and communicate during tissue damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is classified as a stromal cell?

<p>Astrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?

<p>By detecting and presenting antigens to helper T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to naive B cells during the antibody-mediated response?

<p>They transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do T suppressor cells play in the immune system?

<p>They help suppress the activation of the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the immune response when an invader enters the body?

<p>The invader is detected and presented by macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if the immune system has too little suppression?

<p>Autoimmune diseases and allergies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of hyperglycemia on the body?

<p>Glycosylation of amino acids in tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the adaptive immune response?

<p>Involves the production of specific antibodies by B cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells typically impact the body's metabolism?

<p>They lead to tissue catabolism for ATP supply. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

<p>Consume bacteria as first responders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main contributor to aging related to mitochondrial function?

<p>Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with insulin resistance in muscles?

<p>Impaired glucose reuptake from blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inflammation aid in the healing process?

<p>By increasing the permeability of capillaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the loss of proofreading activity in mtDNA polymerase gamma have on aging?

<p>It leads to error-prone mtDNA replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is known for having a memory?

<p>B-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of the complement system?

<p>Polysaccharides on the bacteria's surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is primarily characterized by the widening of blood vessels and increased blood flow?

<p>Vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of eosinophils in the immune response?

<p>Discharge enzymes that digest foreign cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a fever increase in the body to help combat foreign bodies?

<p>The body temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of effector cytotoxic T cells?

<p>They secrete antibodies to engage antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of RICE in treating inflammation?

<p>Relieving pain and promoting healing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the quick response for future antigen encounters?

<p>Activation of memory cytotoxic T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber does oxygenated blood enter first after leaving the lungs?

<p>Left atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of capillaries?

<p>One cell thick for easy exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes atherosclerosis?

<p>Excess plaque buildup in blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of valves in veins?

<p>They prevent the backflow of blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the myocardium’s functionality?

<p>It causes the heart to contract involuntarily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process in the mouth is primarily responsible for the physical breakdown of food?

<p>Mastication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which secretion is activated in the small intestine to aid in protein digestion?

<p>Trypsinogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are glucose and galactose absorbed in the small intestine?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine does ilial chyme enter through?

<p>Caecum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport does fructose utilize for absorption in the small intestine?

<p>Facilitated transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is secreted into the lumen of the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid?

<p>Bicarbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to proteins in the case of a leaky gut?

<p>They enter the bloodstream unprocessed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion occurs primarily in the mouth?

<p>Chemical and mechanical digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Norepinephrine Network Function

Modulates attention, memory, pain, arousal, sleep-wake cycle, anxiety, mood, and learning.

Serotonin Network Function

Modulates pain, sleep-wake cycle (via melatonin), emotions, and feelings of well-being. Linked to antidepressants and migraines.

Acetylcholine Network Function

Modulates arousal, memory, sleep-wake cycle, sensory information, and learning. Important for Alzheimer's treatment.

Dopamine Network Function

Modulates motor control, reward/pleasure, and functions of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Linked to addictions and Parkinson's.

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Dopamine Agonists

Drugs that increase dopamine levels, often used for Parkinson's.

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Low Acetylcholine

Linked to memory issues and associated with Alzheimer's disease.

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GABA's inhibitory role

GABA acts like a brake, preventing excessive dopamine release.

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Hormone function

Hormones regulate growth and development, homeostasis, reproduction, and other critical body functions.

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ADH release in heart failure

ADH release increases in response to reduced blood flow from heart failure, leading to water retention and fluid overload.

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Inflammation basics

Inflammation: Immune system response with vasodilation increasing blood flow and heat, capillary permeability for fluid containing defensive chemicals to speed healing.

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Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, like bacteria.

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Neutrophils

First responder phagocytes that consume bacteria.

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Complement System

A group of proteins that help destroy pathogens, promoting inflammation and attacking their membranes.

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Macrophages

Phagocytes that consume a wide variety of foreign material.

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Innate immune system

The body's natural, non-learned immune defense system.

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Complement activation

Activation of complement proteins triggered by bacterial surface, or antigen-antibody complexes.

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Fasting Hypoglycemia

A state where blood glucose levels drop below 3.5 mM during fasting, potentially due to insufficient glucose stores or cell requirements.

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Cancer Cachexia

A syndrome characterized by long-term fat loss (10-15%) and muscle wasting in cancer patients due to increased energy demands of rapidly dividing tumor cells.

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What are the main contributors to aging?

Aging can be attributed to both genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and environmental factors, such as mitochondrial damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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How does DNA polymerase gamma contribute to aging?

DNA polymerase gamma replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA. With age, its proofreading activity declines, leading to more errors in mitochondrial DNA and accelerated aging.

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Why are mice with POLG mutations a good model for aging?

These mice have mutations in the DNA polymerase gamma gene, resulting in error-prone mitochondrial DNA replication. They exhibit accelerated aging features, demonstrating a link between mtDNA mutations and aging.

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Stromal Cells

Non-parenchymal cells that support parenchymal cells, forming the LSDS (Local Supporting Defensive System).

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LSDS Function

The LSDS continuously monitors, supports, and protects parenchymal cells, while guarding against local tissue damage, normal tissue turnover, and potential cancer development.

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Major LSDS Functions

The LSDS plays a role in communication, defense, cell death, tissue repair, regeneration during wound healing, and identifying transformed cell populations.

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MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

Proteins found on the surface of cells. They act as identification markers, displaying both self and non-self antigens.

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Antigen

Molecules, often on the surface of pathogens, recognized by the immune system as a specific 'foe.'

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Adaptive Immune Response: Attack Process

  1. A pathogen enters the body and displays its antigens. 2. Macrophages engulf the pathogen and digest it. 3. The macrophage presents the antigen to a helper T-cell, activating the T-cell.
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Effector Helper T-Cell: Alarm

The helper T-cell, after being alerted by the macrophage, activates the immune response by triggering the production of antibodies and cytotoxic T-cells.

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Antibody Mediated Response

Naive B cells are activated by the effector helper T-cell and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

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Cephaic Phase of Digestion

The initial stage of digestion triggered by sensory stimuli like sight, smell, or taste, preparing the GI tract for food processing.

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Salivary Secretion

The release of saliva, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which lubricates food, softens it into a bolus, and initiates carbohydrate and fat digestion.

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Enterokinase

An enzyme produced by the small intestine, specifically the duodenum's brush border, which activates trypsinogen (an inactive pancreatic enzyme) into trypsin, necessary for protein digestion.

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Brush Border

The surface of the small intestine's lining, covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increases surface area for absorption. It also contains enzymes like enterokinase.

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Lactose Intolerance

Inability to digest lactose due to lactose deficiency, resulting in digestive discomfort like gas and bloating. This happens when the body doesn't produce enough lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose.

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Active Transport for Glucose & Galactose

Glucose and galactose are absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream using energy and a carrier protein. This active transport process moves these sugars against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Facilitated Transport for Fructose

Fructose is absorbed through the intestinal wall using a carrier protein but doesn't require energy. This process uses a concentration gradient, allowing fructose to move passively from high concentration to low concentration.

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Leaky Gut & Protein Absorption

When tight junctions in the small intestine become weak, proteins can leak into the bloodstream, triggering an immune response. This can happen in cases like obesity and is often associated with inflammation.

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Naive Cytotoxic T Cell

An immature cytotoxic T cell that hasn't encountered its specific antigen yet. It can divide and activate into effector and memory cytotoxic T cells.

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Effector Cytotoxic T Cell

A mature cytotoxic T cell that directly kills infected cells by releasing cytotoxic chemicals like perforins.

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Memory Cytotoxic T Cell

A long-lived cytotoxic T cell that remembers specific antigens and can quickly mount an immune response upon re-exposure.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens, helping to neutralize pathogens.

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Cardiovascular System

The network of organs responsible for transporting blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.

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Heart

A muscular organ that acts as a pump, propelling blood through the circulatory system.

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Blood Vessels

A network of tubes that carry blood throughout the body, categorized into arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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Blood

A fluid tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

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Study Notes

Lecture 12: Neurotransmitter Networks

  • Neurons facilitate information flow in the nervous system, designed for speed and efficiency
  • Myelination increases nerve impulse speed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems
  • Astrocytes are crucial for communication within the central nervous system
  • Phineas Gage's accident provided early evidence of brain networks impacting personality
  • Specific neurotransmitter networks modulate various functions like attention, memory, mood, and sensory information
  • Imaging techniques like PET and fMRI track glucose and blood flow, respectively, to identify brain activity areas

Lecture 13: Endocrine System Overview

  • Hormones regulate growth, development, homeostasis, and more in the central nervous system, immune system and other systems.
  • Nervous and endocrine systems are fundamental components of the central nervous system
  • Neurotransmitters can modulate hormone secretion.
  • Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and secondary tissues. There is communication between endocrine glands and neurons
  • The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones, governed by the hypothalamus's control.
  • Posterior pituitary functions as a neuroendocrine connection, releasing oxytocin and ADH.
  • Oxytocin affects uterine contractions, milk ejection, and positive mood
  • ADH regulates water retention by the kidneys

Lecture 14: Local Support and Defense Systems (LSDS)

  • The first line of defense involves physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucus membranes).
  • Internal cellular and chemical defense mechanisms comprise the second line of defense (inflammation, fever). Nonspecific
  • The third line of defense comprises the adaptive immune response
  • Phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages consume pathogens and cellular debris.
  • Inflammation triggers increased blood flow, swelling, and pain, aiding tissue repair.
  • Inflammation and fever are crucial for repairing or healing tissue
  • The complement system, a group of proteins, destroys pathogens that break membranes by creating pores.
  • The complement system acts in both the innate and adaptive immune responses.

Lecture 15: LSDS Part 2: Adaptive Immune Response

  • The immune system identifies self ("friend") and non-self ("foe") cells through proteins.
  • Antigens are molecules, often on pathogens, which activate the immune system.
  • Helper T cells activate other immune cells and B cells produce antibodies.
  • Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells
  • The immune system can produce memory cells to respond more rapidly to future infections
  • Negative feedback mechanisms regulate the activity of the immune system.
  • Imbalances in immune function contribute to diseases like autoimmune disorders and allergies

Lecture 16: Cardiovascular System Overview

  • The heart's function is to pump blood, transporting and delivering nutrients across the body.
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) facilitate blood flow throughout the body
  • The heart contracts (systole) and relaxes (diastole). This pumping action maintains continuous blood flow.
  • The heart's electrical signals coordinate its contractions.
  • There are four chambers in the heart; 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Lecture 17: Cardiac Cycle

  • The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contractions and relaxation of the heart's chambers.
  • Factors determining cardiac output include preload, afterload, and contractility.
  • Disorders such as hypertrophy and stenosis can affect heart function.
  • Conduction cells cause contractions in specific areas of the heart

Lecture 18: Gastrointestinal Overview

  • The gastrointestinal tract processes food, breaking it down into absorbable components.
  • Motility refers to food movement through the digestive tract
  • Secretions release enzymes for digestion
  • Digestion breaks down food molecules into smaller components
  • Absorption moves nutrients and water into the body.
  • The gastrointestinal tract has different regions each with specific functions. Important regions are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine Accessory organs help with digestion include the pancreas and gallbladder

Lecture 19: Energy Distribution & Metabolism

  • Fats and carbohydrates serve as energy sources, with fats being more energy-dense
  • The body stores energy in different forms (glycogen and triglycerides).
  • Metabolism regulates how the body converts food into energy
  • There are different types of metabolisms, such as anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen)
  • The body uses different energy sources depending on the activity level.
  • Different processes occur depending on whether the body is in a fasting or feeding state.

Lecture 20: Glucose Regulation

  • Blood glucose maintenance is crucial for proper bodily function.
  • The body maintains glucose homeostasis using hormones like insulin and glucagon
  • Metabolic processes (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis) handle glucose regulation
  • Hormonal imbalance can lead to diabetes, characterized by high blood glucose levels
  • Excercise is an important factor when considering the regulation of glucose

Lecture 21: Glucose Regulation Part 2

  • The body regulates blood glucose levels through hormonal mechanisms
  • Maintaining glucose balance has significant implications for health.
  • Imbalances contribute to various medical conditions

Lecture 22: Lifestyle, Aging & Disease

  • Lifestyle factors affect aging and disease risk.
  • Aging is associated with DNA damage from molecules called ROS
  • Genetic factors and lifestyle choices influence aging processes.
  • The body adapts to certain lifestyle challenges

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Final Notes on Neurotransmitter Networks and LSDS - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on neurotransmitter networks and the endocrine system. This quiz covers key concepts from neurotransmission, brain networks, to hormone regulation. Explore how these systems interplay in the nervous system and impact human behavior.

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