Neuroscience Chapter 12 and 13 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which functions are modulated by the norepinephrine network?

Pain and reproduction

Growth and development

Sleep-wake and learning (correct)

Memory and motor control

What is a consequence of low serotonin levels?

Increased pleasure and reward

Better sleep quality

Enhanced memory retention

Migraines (correct)

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with motor control?

GABA

Dopamine (correct)

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

How do cholinesterase inhibitors affect acetylcholine levels?

They prolong acetylcholine activity Signup and view all the answers

What effect do drugs like heroin and morphine have on GABA?

They inhibit GABA, leading to increased dopamine release Signup and view all the answers

Which network is primarily involved in modulating feelings of well-being?

Serotonin network Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of excessive dopamine medication in Parkinson's patients?

Hypersexuality Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary role of hormones in the body?

To regulate growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the LSDS in normal tissues?

To support parenchymal cells and communicate during tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is classified as a stromal cell?

Astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?

By detecting and presenting antigens to helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to naive B cells during the antibody-mediated response?

They transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What role do T suppressor cells play in the immune system?

They help suppress the activation of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the immune response when an invader enters the body?

The invader is detected and presented by macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if the immune system has too little suppression?

Autoimmune diseases and allergies Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of hyperglycemia on the body?

Glycosylation of amino acids in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the adaptive immune response?

Involves the production of specific antibodies by B cells Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells typically impact the body's metabolism?

They lead to tissue catabolism for ATP supply. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

Consume bacteria as first responders. Signup and view all the answers

What is a main contributor to aging related to mitochondrial function?

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with insulin resistance in muscles?

Impaired glucose reuptake from blood Signup and view all the answers

How does inflammation aid in the healing process?

By increasing the permeability of capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the loss of proofreading activity in mtDNA polymerase gamma have on aging?

It leads to error-prone mtDNA replication. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is known for having a memory?

B-cells Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of the complement system?

Polysaccharides on the bacteria's surface. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is primarily characterized by the widening of blood vessels and increased blood flow?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of eosinophils in the immune response?

Discharge enzymes that digest foreign cells. Signup and view all the answers

What does a fever increase in the body to help combat foreign bodies?

The body temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of effector cytotoxic T cells?

They secrete antibodies to engage antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of RICE in treating inflammation?

Relieving pain and promoting healing. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the quick response for future antigen encounters?

Activation of memory cytotoxic T cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

Which heart chamber does oxygenated blood enter first after leaving the lungs?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of capillaries?

One cell thick for easy exchange. Signup and view all the answers

What causes atherosclerosis?

Excess plaque buildup in blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of valves in veins?

They prevent the backflow of blood. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the myocardium’s functionality?

It causes the heart to contract involuntarily. Signup and view all the answers

What process in the mouth is primarily responsible for the physical breakdown of food?

Mastication Signup and view all the answers

Which secretion is activated in the small intestine to aid in protein digestion?

Trypsinogen Signup and view all the answers

How are glucose and galactose absorbed in the small intestine?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine does ilial chyme enter through?

Caecum Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport does fructose utilize for absorption in the small intestine?

Facilitated transport Signup and view all the answers

Which component is secreted into the lumen of the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid?

Bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

What happens to proteins in the case of a leaky gut?

They enter the bloodstream unprocessed. Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion occurs primarily in the mouth?

Chemical and mechanical digestion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 12: Neurotransmitter Networks

Neurons facilitate information flow in the nervous system, designed for speed and efficiency
Myelination increases nerve impulse speed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems
Astrocytes are crucial for communication within the central nervous system
Phineas Gage's accident provided early evidence of brain networks impacting personality
Specific neurotransmitter networks modulate various functions like attention, memory, mood, and sensory information
Imaging techniques like PET and fMRI track glucose and blood flow, respectively, to identify brain activity areas

Lecture 13: Endocrine System Overview

Hormones regulate growth, development, homeostasis, and more in the central nervous system, immune system and other systems.
Nervous and endocrine systems are fundamental components of the central nervous system
Neurotransmitters can modulate hormone secretion.
Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and secondary tissues. There is communication between endocrine glands and neurons
The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones, governed by the hypothalamus's control.
Posterior pituitary functions as a neuroendocrine connection, releasing oxytocin and ADH.
Oxytocin affects uterine contractions, milk ejection, and positive mood
ADH regulates water retention by the kidneys

Lecture 14: Local Support and Defense Systems (LSDS)

The first line of defense involves physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucus membranes).
Internal cellular and chemical defense mechanisms comprise the second line of defense (inflammation, fever). Nonspecific
The third line of defense comprises the adaptive immune response
Phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages consume pathogens and cellular debris.
Inflammation triggers increased blood flow, swelling, and pain, aiding tissue repair.
Inflammation and fever are crucial for repairing or healing tissue
The complement system, a group of proteins, destroys pathogens that break membranes by creating pores.
The complement system acts in both the innate and adaptive immune responses.

Lecture 15: LSDS Part 2: Adaptive Immune Response

The immune system identifies self ("friend") and non-self ("foe") cells through proteins.
Antigens are molecules, often on pathogens, which activate the immune system.
Helper T cells activate other immune cells and B cells produce antibodies.
Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells
The immune system can produce memory cells to respond more rapidly to future infections
Negative feedback mechanisms regulate the activity of the immune system.
Imbalances in immune function contribute to diseases like autoimmune disorders and allergies

Lecture 16: Cardiovascular System Overview

The heart's function is to pump blood, transporting and delivering nutrients across the body.
Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) facilitate blood flow throughout the body
The heart contracts (systole) and relaxes (diastole). This pumping action maintains continuous blood flow.
The heart's electrical signals coordinate its contractions.
There are four chambers in the heart; 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Lecture 17: Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contractions and relaxation of the heart's chambers.
Factors determining cardiac output include preload, afterload, and contractility.
Disorders such as hypertrophy and stenosis can affect heart function.
Conduction cells cause contractions in specific areas of the heart

Lecture 18: Gastrointestinal Overview

The gastrointestinal tract processes food, breaking it down into absorbable components.
Motility refers to food movement through the digestive tract
Secretions release enzymes for digestion
Digestion breaks down food molecules into smaller components
Absorption moves nutrients and water into the body.
The gastrointestinal tract has different regions each with specific functions. Important regions are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine Accessory organs help with digestion include the pancreas and gallbladder

Lecture 19: Energy Distribution & Metabolism

Fats and carbohydrates serve as energy sources, with fats being more energy-dense
The body stores energy in different forms (glycogen and triglycerides).
Metabolism regulates how the body converts food into energy
There are different types of metabolisms, such as anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen)
The body uses different energy sources depending on the activity level.
Different processes occur depending on whether the body is in a fasting or feeding state.

Lecture 20: Glucose Regulation

Blood glucose maintenance is crucial for proper bodily function.
The body maintains glucose homeostasis using hormones like insulin and glucagon
Metabolic processes (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis) handle glucose regulation
Hormonal imbalance can lead to diabetes, characterized by high blood glucose levels
Excercise is an important factor when considering the regulation of glucose

Lecture 21: Glucose Regulation Part 2

The body regulates blood glucose levels through hormonal mechanisms
Maintaining glucose balance has significant implications for health.
Imbalances contribute to various medical conditions

Lecture 22: Lifestyle, Aging & Disease

Lifestyle factors affect aging and disease risk.
Aging is associated with DNA damage from molecules called ROS
Genetic factors and lifestyle choices influence aging processes.
The body adapts to certain lifestyle challenges

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Description

Test your knowledge on neurotransmitter networks and the endocrine system. This quiz covers key concepts from neurotransmission, brain networks, to hormone regulation. Explore how these systems interplay in the nervous system and impact human behavior.