Neuroscience Chapter 11 Homework

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are components of the central nervous system?

  • The reticular formation (correct)
  • Dorsal root ganglia
  • White and gray matter (correct)
  • The cerebral cortex (correct)

Identify the correct lobes where the primary motor and visual cortices are located.

  • Parietal; temporal
  • Frontal; occipital (correct)
  • Occipital; parietal
  • Frontal; frontal

The hypothalamus is part of which brain structure?

  • Cortex
  • Brainstem
  • Diencephalon (correct)
  • Cerebellum

How does blood reach the brain?

<p>Through the carotid arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for motor control?

<p>The cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>It cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the superior oblique eye muscle?

<p>IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organization of a simple reflex arc starts with which structure?

<p>Receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is not involved in eye regulation and has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers?

<p>Vagus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect?

<p>It has more protein than plasma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates ascending and descending spinal cord tracts?

<p>The region within the CNS where they begin and end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures contains cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion?

<p>Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes the role of the Babinski reflex in newborn infants?

<p>It could be used to diagnose nervous system dysfunction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the order of nerve layers from the outermost to the innermost, which is correct?

<p>Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium, Axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compounds can most likely pass through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Glucose, because of transporters within the blood-brain barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the central nervous system (CNS) is incorrect?

<p>Dorsal root ganglia are integral to the functions of the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a convergent neuronal circuit?

<p>Information processing in the visual system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fiber demonstrates that the left side of the brain processes information from the right side of the body?

<p>Contralateral ascending fibers into the thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does occlusion of the carotid artery pose a significant risk?

<p>The brain's oxygen supply is heavily reliant on this artery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge faced by a spinal cord-injured patient trying to regain the ability to walk?

<p>Muscle atrophy due to lack of stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the components of the central nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The components listed are all located within the CNS.

Where is the primary motor cortex located? Where is the primary visual cortex located?

The primary motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements. It is situated in the frontal lobe. The primary visual cortex receives visual information and is located in the occipital lobe.

What part of the brain is the hypothalamus a part of?

The hypothalamus is a small but important part of the diencephalon. It plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and many other vital functions.

How does blood reach the brain?

Blood reaches the brain via the circle of Willis, a network of arteries that ensures a continuous blood supply to the brain.

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Is the dorsal root ganglia part of the central nervous system?

The dorsal root ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the spinal cord. They are part of the peripheral nervous system, not the central nervous system.

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What carries blood to the brain?

The carotid arteries are blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.

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What determines the name of ascending and descending spinal tracts?

Ascending and descending spinal cord tracts are named based on where they start and end within the central nervous system (CNS).

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Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle?

Cranial nerve IV, the trochlear nerve, controls the superior oblique eye muscle.

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What are the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord, produced by ependymal cells, and has a composition distinct from plasma.

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Which cranial nerve does NOT regulate the eye?

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers but does not play a role in regulating the eye.

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What is the order of cells in a simple reflex arc?

A simple reflex arc follows the pathway: receptor → afferent neuron → interneuron → efferent neuron → effector.

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Which spinal cord tracts have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion?

The fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion.

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What is the Babinski reflex?

The Babinski reflex is a test that involves stimulating the bottom of the foot and observing the motor response. It can be used to diagnose nervous system dysfunction.

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What is the order of layers in a nerve from outside to inside?

The epineurium is the outermost layer, followed by the perineurium, which surrounds bundles of axons. The innermost layer is the endoneurium, which encloses individual axons.

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What types of molecules can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier?

The blood-brain barrier is selectively permeable. Water-soluble molecules need to pass through transporters or channels to cross the barrier. Glucose, for example, is transported by specific GLUT proteins.

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What is false about the central nervous system?

The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The dorsal root ganglia, however, are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), located outside the spinal cord.

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What is a convergent neuronal circuit?

Convergent circuits involve multiple neurons sending signals to a single neuron, allowing for integration of information. This is common in sensory systems, like vision where multiple signals from different parts of the retina converge onto a single neuron.

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How does the brain receive information about the opposite side of the body?

The left side of the brain receives sensory information from the right side of the body because ascending fibers cross over (contralateral) in the spinal cord's decussation. This is why when you touch the right side of your body, the left side of your brain registers the sensation.

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Why is carotid artery occlusion so dangerous?

The carotid arteries are the main blood supply to the brain. Occlusion of these arteries is life-threatening because the brain has a limited oxygen reserve and requires a constant supply of blood.

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What challenges would a spinal cord-injured patient face in trying to walk again?

Spinal cord injury disrupts communication between the brain and muscles, making voluntary movement challenging. Axon injury hinders recovery due to limited growth potential and potential muscle atrophy.

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Study Notes

Chapter 11 Homework Assignments - Study Notes

Bloom's Level 1

  • Homework Assignment 11.1: The central nervous system (CNS) includes the cerebral cortex, white and gray matter, and the reticular formation. Dorsal root ganglia are outside the CNS.

  • Homework Assignment 11.2: The primary motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe, and the primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

  • Homework Assignment 11.3: The hypothalamus is part of the diencephalon.

  • Homework Assignment 11.4: Blood reaches the brain through the internal carotid arteries.

  • Homework Assignment 11.5: Ascending or descending spinal cord tracts are named for the region where they begin and end within the CNS.

  • Homework Assignment 11.6: Cranial nerve IV (trochlear) innervates the superior oblique eye muscle.

  • Homework Assignment 11.7: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear watery fluid produced by ependymal cells. It cushions the brain and spinal cord and has a similar composition to plasma, but less protein.

  • Homework Assignment 11.8: The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers, and plays no role in eye regulation.

  • Homework Assignment 11.9: A simple reflex arc follows this pathway: receptor → afferent neuron → interneuron → efferent neuron.

  • Homework Assignment 11.10: Cell bodies for the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts are located in the dorsal root ganglion.

  • Homework Assignment 11.11: The Babinski reflex uses afferent pathways, involves the peripheral nervous system, and can be used to diagnose nervous system dysfunction in newborns.

  • Homework Assignment 11.12: The order of tissues in a nerve, from the outside moving inward, is epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, axon.

Bloom's Level 2 (and 3 - with some overlap in these questions)

  • Homework Assignment 11.13: Compounds like CO2, O2 and glucose can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Fat-soluble compounds can cross the barrier directly, others require transporters like glucose GLUT transporters.

  • Homework Assignment 11.14: A false statement about the CNS is that dorsal root ganglia are part of the CNS. They are part of the peripheral nervous system.

  • Homework Assignment 11.15: A convergent neuronal circuit is exemplified by information processing in the visual system.

  • Homework Assignment 11.16: Proof that the left side of the brain receives information about the right side of the body is given by contralateral ascending fibers into the thalamus.

  • Homework Assignment 11.17: Occlusion of the carotid artery is dangerous because the brain has a narrow safety margin for oxygen, supplied by the carotid arteries. The carotid arteries are the primary blood supply to the brain.

  • Homework Assignment 11.18: Spinal cord-injured patients face challenges because the connections between spinal cord motor neurons and muscles depend on synaptic activity. Muscles atrophy without consistent stimulation.

  • Homework Assignment 11.19: Connections between axons and target cells are formed during fetal development because of the presence of cues or signposts in the fetus that guide the axons to their target cells, this process does not occur in adulthood.

Bloom's Level 5

  • Homework Assignment 11.20 + 11.21 + 11.22+ 11.23 (not included): These assignments are not included as they involve higher-order analysis and are not summarized in a factual manner.

  • Homework Assignment 11.20 (partial): Christina, from Oliver Sacks' "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat," had symptoms of an inability to sense the position of her limbs in space due to sensory neuritis affecting proprioceptors.

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