Podcast
Questions and Answers
What phenomenon occurs when a person cannot quite retrieve a word but can identify characteristics of it?
What phenomenon occurs when a person cannot quite retrieve a word but can identify characteristics of it?
- Coma
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (correct)
- Hyperactivity
- Metacognition
Which term refers to an individual's awareness of their cognitive processes?
Which term refers to an individual's awareness of their cognitive processes?
- Phenomenology
- Metacognition (correct)
- Arousal
- Psychoanalysis
What happens to meanings when a word is presented too briefly for conscious awareness?
What happens to meanings when a word is presented too briefly for conscious awareness?
- The word is forgotten
- Only one meaning is activated
- No meanings are activated
- Both meanings may be activated (correct)
Which state of arousal refers to a lack of responsiveness to stimuli?
Which state of arousal refers to a lack of responsiveness to stimuli?
What aspect of experience does phenomenology focus on?
What aspect of experience does phenomenology focus on?
What is the main characteristic of a controlled process?
What is the main characteristic of a controlled process?
What does blindsight refer to in the context of visual perception?
What does blindsight refer to in the context of visual perception?
Which of the following describes the concept of vigilance?
Which of the following describes the concept of vigilance?
What evidence suggests that vigilance can be improved?
What evidence suggests that vigilance can be improved?
What impact does time have on controlled processes according to the content?
What impact does time have on controlled processes according to the content?
What are the small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon called?
What are the small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon called?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
What mechanism does adaptation refer to in the context of evolution?
What mechanism does adaptation refer to in the context of evolution?
What is the main function of the terminal buttons in neurons?
What is the main function of the terminal buttons in neurons?
What type of recording provides very good temporal resolution in studying brain activity?
What type of recording provides very good temporal resolution in studying brain activity?
Which part of the nervous system maintains body functions during restful states?
Which part of the nervous system maintains body functions during restful states?
The brain is most directly involved in controlling which of the following?
The brain is most directly involved in controlling which of the following?
What are the small gaps that serve as a junction between terminal buttons and dendrites called?
What are the small gaps that serve as a junction between terminal buttons and dendrites called?
What is the purpose of cochlear implants and implanted electrodes?
What is the purpose of cochlear implants and implanted electrodes?
Which heuristic involves making judgments based on immediate examples that come to mind?
Which heuristic involves making judgments based on immediate examples that come to mind?
What aspect does cognitive neuroscience help understand in the context of eyewitness testimony?
What aspect does cognitive neuroscience help understand in the context of eyewitness testimony?
What is indicated by the relationship between attention and consciousness?
What is indicated by the relationship between attention and consciousness?
How can researchers improve the capabilities of computing devices?
How can researchers improve the capabilities of computing devices?
What role does the scientific method play in the study of the brain?
What role does the scientific method play in the study of the brain?
What do modern neuroscientific findings suggest about criminal punishment?
What do modern neuroscientific findings suggest about criminal punishment?
What is a key characteristic of artificial neural networks in relation to brain activity?
What is a key characteristic of artificial neural networks in relation to brain activity?
What is the primary difference between search and vigilance in attention processes?
What is the primary difference between search and vigilance in attention processes?
What does automization refer to in cognitive processes?
What does automization refer to in cognitive processes?
What is the primary function of habituation in sensory processing?
What is the primary function of habituation in sensory processing?
Which type of search requires looking for a specific combination of features?
Which type of search requires looking for a specific combination of features?
Which theory posits that similar distracters make it harder to detect target stimuli?
Which theory posits that similar distracters make it harder to detect target stimuli?
What is an example of the process used in shadowing?
What is an example of the process used in shadowing?
What function does the selective filter serve in Moray's Selective Filter Model?
What function does the selective filter serve in Moray's Selective Filter Model?
How does sensory adaptation differ from habituation?
How does sensory adaptation differ from habituation?
What occurs during the parallel stage of Guided Search Theory?
What occurs during the parallel stage of Guided Search Theory?
What effect does a change in a familiar stimulus have according to dishabituation?
What effect does a change in a familiar stimulus have according to dishabituation?
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Study Notes
Nervous System and Brain Function
- Myelin gaps along axons enhance conduction speed.
- Evolution shapes brain structure, affecting thoughts and behaviors.
- Terminal buttons are small structures at axon branches' ends responsible for neurotransmitter release.
- Synapses are junctions between terminal buttons and dendrites, facilitating communication between neurons.
Nervous System Organization
- Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, controlling thoughts and emotions.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cord.
- PNS has two parts: Somatic (voluntary sensory and motor nerves) and Autonomic (involuntary functions) with subdivisions of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Cognitive Neuroscience Methods
- EEG measures electrical brain activity as waves of varying heights and widths.
- Event-Related Potentials (ERP) focus on EEG waves linked to specific events, offering excellent temporal resolution.
- Biases and heuristics, like availability and affect heuristics, can hinder accurate perception and conclusions regarding brain processes.
Artificial Cognition and Neural Networks
- Researchers are developing artificial neural networks to improve computer functions using insights from brain activity.
- Brain interface devices can restore functions to paralyzed individuals, such as through cochlear implants.
Attention and Consciousness
- Attention is essential for consciousness; without attention, consciousness is altered.
- Different arousal levels affect awareness and responsiveness (e.g., sleep, coma).
Metacognitive Awareness
- Metacognition involves reflecting on cognitive processes and being aware of one's thoughts.
Psychological Phenomena
- Blindsight occurs when individuals with visual cortex lesions can guess locations and orientations in a "blind" region despite claiming blindness.
- The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon illustrates retrieval failures despite partial memory access.
Attention Mechanisms
- Vigilance involves actively detecting specific stimuli over time.
- Search processes include feature search (looking for distinctive features) and conjunction search (seeking combinations of features), both of which can be influenced by distractors.
Search and Processing Theories
- The Feature-Integration Theory posits that we maintain a mental map of features for efficient searching.
- Similarity Theory highlights that increased similarity between targets and distractors makes detection harder.
Attention Models
- Broadbent's model suggests filtering occurs at the sensory level, impacting information registration.
- Moray’s selective filter model accommodates salient messages that can penetrate attention filters.
- Movement-Filter Theory indicates that attentional biases are influenced by movement and the dynamic nature of stimuli.
Implications in Real-Life Applications
- Cognitive neuroscience research informs social policies regarding addiction treatment and criminal rehabilitation.
- Understanding attention enhances methods in criminal justice, especially related to eyewitness reliability.
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