Neuroscience and Human Experience

Ablation = Surgical removal of brain tissue Neurotransmitters = Chemical messengers in the nervous system Dendrites = Branch-like extensions of neurons Axon = Long projection of a neuron transmitting impulses

Qualia = Subjective experiences of perception Contralateral organization = Brain control of the opposite side of the body Lateralization = Functional specialization between the brain's hemispheres Corpos callosum = Neural network connecting the two brain hemispheres

Parkinson's = Motor control impairment Depression = Mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness Epilepsy = Neurological disorder causing seizures Resilient = Ability to withstand stress or adversity

<p>Agonists = Substances that enhance neurotransmitter effects Antagonists = Substances that inhibit neurotransmitter effects Excitatory = Stimulating neural activity Inhibitory = Suppressing neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychologists = Study human behavior and mental processes Neuroscientists = Research the nervous system and its functions Humanist = Focus on human values and individual experiences Materialism = Philosophy that everything can be explained by material interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural firings = Activation of neurons Motor control = Management of body movements Cortex = Outer layer of the brain involved in higher functions Psychopharmacology = Study of drug effects on psychological states</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dualism = Belief in the separation of mind and body Mechanistic conception = View of organisms as machines Intrinsic value = Value that an object holds in itself Spiritual value = Value derived from a spiritual context</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin sheath = Insulating layer around certain neurons Synapse = Gap between neurons for signal transmission Neurons = Building blocks of the nervous system Electrical storm = Description of disordered electrical activity in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciousness = State of awareness of thoughts and surroundings Mental life = Cognitive processes and emotional experiences Irritating nervous tissue = Stimulation of nerve endings that causes discomfort Qualitative experiences = Assessment of sensory perceptions and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) = A brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head to induce a weak electrical current. Transcranial direct current stimulation = A technique that involves passing a weak direct current through the brain via small electrodes on the scalp. Visual hemifield = The half of visual space on one side of fixation. White matter = Inner regions of the cerebrum made up of myelinated axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation = Kích thích từ trường qua sọ Transverse plane = Mặt phẳng ngang Visual hemifield = Tầm nhìn nửa bên White matter = Chất trắng</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left hemisphere = Responsible for the right visual hemifield. Right hemisphere = Responsible for the left visual hemifield. Cerebral cortex = Contains the myelinated axons of neurons. Fixation point = Where we are looking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weak electrical current interfering with activity = Result of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Horizontal plane = Another term for transverse plane. Neuronal axons covered with myelin = Defines white matter. Point of focus during visual perception = Refers to fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) = Used for temporary interruption of ongoing brain activity. Transcranial direct current stimulation = Utilized in modulating neuronal excitability. Visual hemifield = Helps in understanding how visual information is processed. White matter = Important for signal transmission in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) = Measures electrical brain activity via electrodes on the scalp Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = Infers brain activity by measuring changes in blood oxygen levels Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) = Infers brain activity by measuring changes in light through the skull Callosotomy = Surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum to control epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe = Responsible for motor output, planning, language, and decision-making Cerebellum = Coordinates voluntary movement and balance Basal ganglia = Involved in the regulation of voluntary motor control Brain stem = Controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial plane = Divides the body into upper and lower sections Coronal plane = Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections Horizontal plane = A slice that runs parallel to the floor Sagittal plane = Divides the body into left and right sections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contralateral = Refers to functions processing information on the opposite side Lateralized = Indicates functions residing in one hemisphere primarily Gyri = Folds of gray matter between sulci Lesion = A region of the brain that has suffered damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex = Vỏ não Callosotomy = Phẫu thuật cắt thể chai Lateralized = Bên Gray matter = Chất xám</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converging evidence = Findings reported from various studies using different methods Case study = Thorough study of patients with naturally occurring lesions Cerebrum = Typically refers to cerebral cortex and associated white matter Cerebral hemispheres = Comprises cerebral cortex, underlying white matter, and subcortical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray matter = Outer regions of the brain formed by neuron cell bodies Gyri = Folds in the cortex between sulci Cerebellum = Structure at the back of the brain for coordination Brain stem = The trunk of the brain maintaining vital functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Callosotomy = Control severe epilepsy by severing the corpus callosum Lesion = Damage through injury, disease, or medical intervention Case study = Study of a patient with specific conditions or lesions Axial plane surgery = Surgery involving horizontal divisions of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) = Neuroimaging technique measuring electrical activity Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = Techniques revealing oxygen level changes Cerebellum = Latin term meaning 'small brain' Cerebral hemispheres = Comprises cortex, white matter, and subcortical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex = Outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum Basal ganglia = Structures involved in voluntary movement Frontal lobe = Anterior part of the cerebrum with complex function Brain stem = Passage for essential life-support functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contralateral processing = The left hemisphere controls the right side Lateralized functions = Specific brain functions reside in one hemisphere Cerebrum inclusion = Includes cortex and associated white matter Gyri and sulci = Folds in the cortex that define brain surface convolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Callosotomy = Used for epilepsy management Cerebral hemispheres = Division for functional specialization Frontal lobe = Engages in complex cognitive tasks Cerebellum = Ensures movement precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray matter = Regions of neuron cell bodies Coronal plane = Slices from head to foot Axial plane = Horizontal cuts dividing upper and lower brain Cerebellum = Located at the posterior of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gyri = Folds that increase cortical surface area Basal ganglia = Coordinates the initiation of voluntary movements Brain stem = Maintains basic life functions and reflexes Frontal lobe = Involved in executive functions and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system = Responsible for aversion and gratification Motor cortex = Responsible for voluntary movement Occipital lobe = Involved in vision Temporal lobe = Involved in auditory processing and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolite = A substance necessary for a living organism to maintain life Nomenclature = Naming conventions Spatial resolution = Refers to how small the elements of an image are Temporal resolution = Refers to how small a unit of time can be measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PET = Measures brain activity by detecting a radioactive substance tDCS = Passes mild electrical current through a brain area fMRI = Measures changes in blood flow in the brain CT scan = Uses X-rays to create images of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulci = Grooves separating folds of the cortex Myelin = Fatty tissue that insulates axons Subcortical = Structures lying beneath the cerebral cortex Hippocampus = Involved in memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Split-brain patient = Has had their corpus callosum severed Epileptic patient = May undergo surgeries for seizure control Stroke patient = Often experiences impaired movement or speech Dementia patient = Experiences memory and cognitive decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal lobe = Integrates bodily sensations Frontal lobe = Involved in higher cognitive functions Temporal lobe = Integrates vision and audition Occipital lobe = Primarily responsible for processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology = A discredited field linking skull shape with brain function Neuroplasticity = The brain's ability to reorganize itself Cognitive neuroscience = Studies the neural connections with cognitive processes Behavioral neuroscience = Studies the relationship between behavior and brain function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tDCS = Modulates neuronal activity using direct current TMS = Uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells EEG = Records electrical activity of the brain Deep brain stimulation = Targets specific brain areas for treatment of movement disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sagittal plane = Divides the brain into left and right halves Coronal plane = Divides the brain into front and back parts Transverse plane = Divides the brain into upper and lower parts Medial = Closer to the midline of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI = High spatial resolution for soft tissue CT scan = Quick imaging, useful for acute conditions PET scan = Effective for measuring metabolic activity fMRI = Can measure brain activity in real time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contralateral representation = Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body Neurotransmitters = Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses Glial cells = Support cells in the nervous system Action potential = A brief electrical charge in a neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tactile = Responds to touch and pressure Auditory = Processes sound waves Visual = Processes light signals Olfactory = Processes smell signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developmental neuroscience = Studies brain growth and changes through life Cellular neuroscience = Examines neuron properties and interactions Clinical neuroscience = Focuses on disorders and their treatments Computational neuroscience = Uses models to understand brain function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic transmission = Process by which signals are sent across synapses Neurogenesis = Formation of new neurons Myelination = Formation of myelin around axons for insulation Plasticity = Brain's capacity to adapt and reorganize</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) = A technique applying a magnetic pulse to induce electrical activity in neurons Transverse plane = A term describing the horizontal orientation of brain structures Visual hemifield = Refers to the visual space perceived on one side of fixation White matter = The inner regions of the cerebrum consisting of myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) = A non-invasive method to stimulate neurons using magnetic fields Visual hemifield = Part of the visual field processed by one hemisphere of the brain White matter = Regions of the brain essential for the communication between different brain areas Transverse plane = An anatomical plane separating the body into superior and inferior parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) = Induces a weak electrical current through magnetic pulses White matter = Involved in transmitting signals within the brain Visual hemifield = Determines the side of visual processing based on hemispheric dominance Transverse plane = Used to describe an anatomical section in imaging studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kích thích từ trường qua sọ (TMS) = Transcranial magnetic stimulation Mặt phẳng ngang = Transverse plane Tầm nhìn nửa bên = Visual hemifield Chất trắng = White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White matter = Comprising myelinated axons Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) = Temporarily disrupts neural activity Transverse plane = A section used in anatomical descriptions Visual hemifield = Linked to visual processing based on eye fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons = Cells that carry electrical impulses in the nervous system Synapse = The junction between two neurons where communication occurs Dendrites = The branch-like structures of a neuron that receive signals Axon = The long projection of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dualism = The belief in the separation of mind and body Materialism = The philosophy that everything is physical or a product of physical processes Qualia = Individual instances of subjective, conscious experience Cortex = The outer layer of the brain involved in higher-order functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine = A neurotransmitter involved in arousal and alertness Dopamine = A neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and reward Serotonin = A neurotransmitter that affects mood and emotional state Acetylcholine = A neurotransmitter that plays a role in muscle activation and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychopharmacology = The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system Resilient = The ability to recover quickly from difficulties Ambidextrous = The ability to use both hands with equal skill Ablation = The surgical removal of brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson's = A neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement Epilepsy = A condition characterized by recurrent seizures Depression = A mood disorder marked by persistent feelings of sadness Severe = Referring to conditions that are intense or extreme in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excitatory = Neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood of a neuron firing Inhibitory = Neurotransmitters that decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing Motor control = The process of coordinating movement Lateralization = The specialization of functions in the left and right hemispheres of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanist = A philosophy emphasizing human values and concerns Spiritual beings = Entities believed to exist on a non-material plane Supernatural beings = Entities that are beyond the natural world Intrinsic value = The inherent worth of an object or principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum = The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain Myelin sheath = The insulating layer that surrounds axons Contralateral organization = The principle that each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body Neural firings = The process of neurons transmitting signals rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonists = Substances that block receptors or inhibit functions Agonists = Substances that enhance or mimic the action of neurotransmitters Bolstered = Strengthened or reinforced in functional context Simulated = Imitated or modeled processes in a controlled manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information processor = An entity that processes inputs and produces outputs Heuristics = Mental shortcuts for problem-solving Visual field = The area visible at any given moment Disturbing = Causing concern or anxiety in perception or experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system = Involved in aversion and gratification Motor cortex = Responsible for voluntary movement Occipital lobe = Involved in vision Temporal lobe = Involved in auditory processing and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PET = Measures brain activity using a radioactive substance Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) = Passes mild electrical current through a brain area Sulcus = A groove separating folds of the cortex Spatial resolution = Refers to how small the elements of an image are</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology = Discredited field correlating skull bumps with brain functions Myelin = Fatty tissue insulating axons of neurons Sagittal plane = Slice running vertically dividing left and right brain Nomenclature = Naming conventions in scientific terminology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatosensory cortex = Responsible for bodily sensations Parietal lobe = Integrates bodily sensations and visual attention Split-brain patient = Has severed corpus callosum Subcortical structures = Lie beneath the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolite = Substance necessary for organism life Temporal resolution = Describes precision of time measurement Sulci = Grooves separating folds of the cortex Temporal lobe = Part of cerebrum involved in memory and vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin = Necessary for normal electrical conduction Hippocampal formation = Part of the limbic system involved in memory Frontal lobe = Region associated with decision making Occipital lobe = Backmost part of the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor cortex = Contralateral representation of the body Limbic system = Processes emotions and drive Parietal lobe = Integrates sensory information Temporal lobe = Processes auditory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulcus = A groove in the cerebral cortex Sagittal plane = Divides the brain into left and right halves Spatial resolution = Measure of detail in brain images Split-brain patient = Has had corpus callosum severed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology = Now-discredited correlational study of skull shape Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) = Technique for modulating brain activity Limbic system = Involved in motivation and emotion Myelin = Insulating layer around neuron axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum = The structure at the back of the brain, Latin for 'small brain'. Frontal lobe = The front most part of the cerebrum responsible for motor output and language. Brain stem = The 'trunk' of the brain comprised of medulla, pons, and midbrain. Cerebral cortex = The outermost gray matter of the cerebrum, characterized by convolutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PET = Detects radioactivity in the brain Temporal resolution = Refers to measurements of time precision Spatial resolution = Refers to detailed visualization of structures Sulci = Folds and grooves in the brain's cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positron emission tomography (PET) = Measures brain function and activity Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) = Modulates neuronal activity Spatial resolution = Determines image detail Temporal resolution = Measures small units of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Callosotomy = Surgical procedure to sever the corpus callosum. Loại bỏ phẫu thuật mô não = Surgical removal of brain tissue. Phẫu thuật cắt thể chai = To control severe epilepsy. Case study = A thorough study of a patient with naturally occurring lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) = Measures electrical brain activity via scalp electrodes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = Infers brain activity by measuring changes in oxygen levels. Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) = Inferences brain activity by measuring light changes. Cerebral hemispheres = Refers to the cerebral cortex and underlying structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital lobe = At the back of the cerebrum Temporal lobe = Anterior to the occipital lobe Motor cortex = Located in the frontal lobe Subcortical structures = Beneath the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulcus = A groove in the cortex Sagittal plane = Vertical division of the brain Limbic system = Emotional regulation area Myelin = Protective substance for neuronal axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial plane = A slice that runs horizontally through a standing person. Coronal plane = A slice that runs from head to foot. Horizontal plane = Divides the brain into top and bottom parts. Mặt phẳng đứng = Creates a frontal view of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contralateral = Refers to processing for the opposite side of the body. Lateralized = Functions residing primarily in one hemisphere. Gyri = Folds between sulci in the cortex. Lesion = A region in the brain that suffered damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system = Emotion and memory processing Motor cortex = Control of voluntary bodily movements Parietal lobe = Integration of sensory inputs Hippocampus = Formation of new memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case study = A detailed exploration of one or few patients. Converging evidence = Similar findings from multiple studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = Method using blood oxygen levels for brain activity. Electroencephalography (EEG) = Utilizes multiple electrodes on the scalp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology = 19th century personality study Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) = Modern brain modulation method Metabolite = Essential for sustaining life Split-brain patient = Research on hemispheric functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal ganglia = Structures involved in voluntary movement. Cerebrum = Typically refers to the cerebral cortex and white matter. Cerebral cortex = Responsible for processing sensory information. Cerebellum = Aids in coordination and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcortical structures = Structures beneath the cortex involved in various functions. Processed information = How different brain areas communicate and relay signals. Gray matter = Regions made up of neuron cell bodies. White matter = Regions mainly consisting of myelinated axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral hemispheres = Includes cortical and subcortical structures. Electroencephalography (EEG) = Non-invasive method to measure electrical brain activity. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = Uses blood flow to gauge brain activity. Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) = Measures light changes through the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gyri = Folds in the cortex. Sulci = Grooves that separate gyri. Lateralized Functions = Specific brain functions being more dominant in one hemisphere. Lesions = Result from injury or disease affecting brain tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horizontal plane = Mặt phẳng ngang Cerebellum = Tiểu não Frontal lobe = Thùy trán Callosotomy = Phẫu thuật cắt thể chai</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case study = Study of a patient with natural lesions. Converging evidence = Similar findings across studies. Lateralized = Functions primarily in one hemisphere. Loại bỏ phẫu thuật mô não = Surgical removal of brain tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mặt phẳng trục = Axial plane. Đại não = Cerebrum. Thân não = Brain stem. Phẫu thuật cắt thể chai = Callosotomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray matter = Regions of neuron cell bodies. White matter = Regions of myelinated axons. Functional activity = Increases in blood flow related to brain functionality. Electroencephalography (EEG) = Technique measuring electrical impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrum = Major brain region responsible for higher functions. Basal ganglia = Involved in regulating voluntary movement. Cerebellum = Coordinates voluntary movements and balance. Cerebral cortex = Processes complex sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation = Induces a weak electrical current through a magnetic pulse Visual hemifield = Half of visual space on one side of fixation White matter = Regions of myelinated axons in the brain Transverse plane = Divides the body into upper and lower parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spiritual value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine = Mood regulation Dopamine = Movement and pleasure Serotonin = Sleep and appetite Glutamate = Main excitatory neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease the likelihood of an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ambidextrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two hemispheres of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor output and planning, language, judgment, and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fMRI = Measures changes in oxygen levels in the blood. EEG = Measures electrical brain activity. DOI = Infers brain activity by measuring changes in light. CT scan = Uses X-rays to create detailed images of brain structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responsible for aversion and gratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information is processed by the opposite hemisphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amygdala = Processing emotions Hippocampus = Memory formation Motor cortex = Voluntary movement Somatosensory cortex = Bodily sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls basic life functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positron Emission Tomography (PET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>subcortical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severing the corpus callosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal resolution = How precisely a time process can be measured Spatial resolution = How small the elements of an image are Phrenology = Study of skull features related to brain functions tDCS = Technique using mild electrical currents on the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grooves separating folds of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex = The outermost gray matter of the cerebrum. Gray matter = Regions of the brain containing neuron cell bodies. Cerebellum = Structure at the back of the brain. Frontal lobe = Responsible for decision-making and planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulates axons for normal electrical impulse conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sagittal</p> Signup and view all the answers