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What component of the eye is responsible for changing its shape to focus on objects?
The optic nerve carries impulses from the brain to the retina.
False
What is the main function of the retina?
To receive light and convert it into neural signals.
The _____ controls the amount of light entering the eye by altering the size of the pupil.
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Match the following parts of the eye with their functions:
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Which imaging technique can be used to identify the effects of a tumor on brain structure?
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What happens to the ciliary muscles when focusing on a near object?
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The sclera is the main light-sensitive layer of the eye.
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What happens to the circular muscles of the iris in bright light?
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Myopia is also known as long sightedness.
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The _____ part of the eye is responsible for sending impulses generated in the retina to the brain.
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What is the primary temperature the human body maintains?
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To correct hyperopia, ______ lenses are used.
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Match the following conditions with their definitions:
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Which treatment method for myopia uses lasers to reduce the thickness of the cornea?
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The lens becomes thicker to focus on distant objects.
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What is one risk associated with replacement lens surgery for treating hyperopia?
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What is the correct order of components in a reflex arc?
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The cerebral cortex controls unconscious actions such as breathing and heart rate.
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What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?
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The __________ is responsible for fine movement of muscles.
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Why is investigating brain function challenging?
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Match the component of the brain with its function:
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Neuroscientists can only study the brain through animal models.
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The __________ neuron transmits impulses to the effector in a reflex arc.
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Study Notes
Electrically Stimulating the Brain
- An electrode can be inserted into the brain to stimulate it.
- This can cause mental or physical changes in the individual.
- It helps understand the function of different brain regions.
Investigating Brain Function
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners create brain images.
- MRI scans show affected brain areas by tumours or activity during tasks.
- Brain study is challenging due to its complexity, delicacy, and vulnerability to damage.
- Brain membranes hinder drug delivery for treatment.
Studying Patients with Brain Damage
- Observing changes following brain damage helps understand its functions.
The Eye
- The eye is a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour.
- It adapts to focus on near or distant objects (accommodation).
Eye Structures
- Retina: The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye.
- Optic Nerve: Carries impulses from the retina to the brain.
- Sclera: Outer white layer, protecting internal structures.
- Cornea: Transparent layer, bending light onto the retina.
- Iris: Muscles surrounding the pupil that control its size.
- Ciliary Muscles and Suspensory Ligaments: Hold and control the lens's shape.
The Brain
- Part of the central nervous system alongside the spinal cord.
- Composed of interconnected neurons.
Brain Components
- Cerebral Cortex: Controls consciousness, intelligence, memory, and language.
- Cerebellum: Controls fine muscle movements.
- Medulla: Controls unconscious actions like breathing and heart rate.
Control of Body Temperature
- The thermoregulatory centre in the brain monitors and controls body temperature.
- Receptors in the blood monitor its temperature.
- Receptors in the skin send impulses to the thermoregulatory centre.
- Normal human body temperature is 37.5 degrees Celsius.
Accommodation
- Focusing on a near object:
- Ciliary muscles contract.
- Suspensory ligaments loosen.
- The lens thickens, refracting light more.
- Focusing on a distant object:
- Ciliary muscles relax.
- Suspensory ligaments tighten.
- The lens thins, refracting light less.
Eye Defects
- Myopia (Short-sightedness): The lens is too curved, causing blurry distant objects.
- Hyperopia (Long-sightedness): The lens is too flat, unable to refract enough light.
Treatments for Eye Defects
- Spectacle Lenses: Concave lenses for myopia, convex lenses for hyperopia.
- Contact Lenses: Similar to glasses but allowing for activities like sports.
- Laser Eye Surgery: Modifies the cornea's thickness or curvature to adjust light refraction.
- Replacement Lens: Artificial lens for hyperopia.
The Reflex Arc
- Stimulus detected by receptors.
- Impulses travel along a sensory neuron.
- In the CNS, the impulse passes to a relay neuron.
- Impulses travel along a motor neuron.
- The impulse reaches an effector, triggering the appropriate response.
Examples of Reflex Arcs
- Pupils constricting to avoid bright light damage.
- Withdrawing from a hot surface to prevent harm.
Synapses
- Gaps between neurons.
- Chemical messengers are released into the synapse.
- These messengers trigger impulses in the next neuron.
Reaction Time
- Time taken to respond to a stimulus.
- Measured using the ruler drop test.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of neuroscience and the functions of the eye in this quiz. From electrically stimulating the brain to understanding complex brain imaging with MRI, delve into the mechanisms of brain functions and eye structures. Gain insights into how these systems interact and their implications for health and science.
