Neuroplasticity and Recovery Mechanisms

<p>It increases the surface area of the postsynaptic membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, leading to an influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the postsynaptic neuron. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of phantom limb pain after an amputation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are weakened and less likely to fire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural plasticity can lead to negative outcomes like maladaptive recovery or phantom limb pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of neurotrophic factors like Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptation matters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral Cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is responsible for conscious perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fight or flight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can both innervate the same organs and work in concert or opposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Losing muscle mass due to inactivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of two neurons in the autonomic nervous system, with a synapse outside the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CNS has a limited capacity for regeneration while the PNS has a more robust capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates digestive activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting energy conservation and storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receiving sensory information from the viscera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling heart rate, respiration, and blood vessel diameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myeloschisis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arnold-Chiari Malformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryonic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guiding neurons to their correct positions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myotome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty with social interactions and communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple Sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constricted pupil and drooping eyelid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It directly promotes the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experience-expectant plasticity is the process responsible for the establishment of ocular dominance columns during early visual development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If exposure to a second language occurs after puberty, it may result in limitations in vocabulary and grammar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size and resolution of cortical maps are primarily dependent on genetics rather than sensory experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A transfer of function occurs, utilizing alternative cortical areas for control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CIMT forces the use of the affected limb for functional activities, promoting neural reorganization and plasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased release of excitatory neurotransmitters and potentially a decrease in free intracellular Ca2+. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collateral sprouting involves branches of intact axons reinnervating the denervated axon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degeneration of the distal segment of an axon following injury, including myelin sheath breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of damaged axons to regenerate and form new synapses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise induces increases in BDNF, mRNA, and proteins, impacting various brain regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The resolution of cortical maps is influenced by the density of innervation and can be altered by changes in sensory input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CNS has limited to no capacity for axon regeneration, unlike the PNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradually exposing someone to a feared stimulus to reduce anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of bilateral cortices. (A), Shifting activity to the ipsilateral hemisphere. (B), Dendritic growth and proliferation in alternative cortical areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of the nervous system to change functions, chemical profiles, or structures based on experience.

Recovery restores damaged brain functions; compensation involves unaffected systems taking over for the damaged ones.

Changes in cellular structure related to experiences; involves synapse strength and networks.

The process where repeated use of a synapse strengthens its connection.

The process where lack of use leads to the weakening of a synapse.

Involves increasing/decreasing synapses and receptor density, affecting behavior and performance.

Glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, allowing calcium to enter and activate AMPA receptors.

Neural plasticity that does not result in positive recovery, often leads to dysfunctional changes.

The CNS response is limited, showing Wallerian degeneration and chromatolysis, with no axonal regeneration.

Glial scars formed by astrocytes and microglia block regeneration in the CNS.

Plasticity involves the ability of the CNS to adapt and reorganize, particularly in response to training or environmental changes.

A critical period is a specific time during development when environmental stimuli profoundly impact brain development.

Use it or lose it: Neural circuits are maintained through use; lack of use leads to loss.

The ANS controls involuntary functions and maintains homeostasis in internal organs.

The ANS has two divisions: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system manages involuntary functions.

Most organs receive signals from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Somatic efferent pathways involve one neuron to skeletal muscles; autonomic pathways usually involve two neurons with a synapse outside the CNS.

Parasympathetic Nervous System, most active at rest.

Sympathetic Nervous System, active during stress or exercise.

Regulates visceral activities to maintain internal stability.

Thoracolumbar division with short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.

Craniosacral division with long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.

Sensory fibers that carry information from visceral organs to the CNS.

Receptors that detect internal stimuli like pressure and stretch.

Regulates blood pressure by triggering heart rate changes as needed.

Reflex responsible for the urge to urinate.

Failure of the anterior neural tube to close, resulting in brain malformation.

Failure of the posterior neural tube to close, leading to bony defects.

Permanent movement and postural disorder due to brain damage.

Range of behavioral abnormalities including social skill deficits.

A secondary vesicle that develops into the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Conditions arising from failure of the neural tube to close during development.

Long-Term Potentiation, a process enhancing synaptic strength due to increased activity.

Long-Term Depression, a process that weakens synaptic strength.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, a protein that supports neuronal survival and growth.

Neuronal changes during development based on expected experiences.

Regions in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to input from one eye.

A condition that can disrupt the development of ocular dominance columns.

A condition where the eyes do not properly align, affecting visual development.

Adjustment of functional areas in the brain after injury or experience.

The formation of new synapses in the brain following injury or experience.

A rehabilitation strategy that encourages use of affected limbs by restricting unaffected ones.

Decreased response to a benign, repeated stimulus over time.

Process of degeneration occurring in the distal part of an injured axon.

Peripheral Nervous System's ability to regenerate following damage.