30 Questions
Which ion flows through channels opened by glutamate and acetylcholine?
Sodium
What type of receptor is GABA?
Inhibitory
How many subunits do G proteins have?
Three
What triggers metabolic processes, genetic transcription, and new protein creation?
G protein activation
What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate
How do neurons communicate through receptor binding onto glutamate metabotropic receptors?
By triggering protein synthesis and dendrite growth
What do psychoactive drugs change in neuron communication?
Process of receptor binding
What occurs due to a blood clot in a specific area of the brain?
Neuron death
What does neurophysiology focus on?
Neuronal communication
How can neurotransmitters change in strength based on experience?
By changing the size of neurons and synapses
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 millivolts
How do neurons communicate with each other?
Through synapses using neurotransmitters and receptors
What maintains the resting membrane potential?
Phospholipid bilayer, ion channels, and pumps
What initiates the action potential?
Opening of sodium channels at a threshold value
What is the role of myelin in neural conduction?
Insulates and allows for saltatory conduction
What requires energy in the form of ATP?
Sodium-potassium pumps
What divides the refractory period into absolute and relative periods?
Ensures one-directional signal propagation
What is the difference between electrical gradient and concentration gradient?
Electrical gradient is the difference in electrical charge, while concentration gradient is the difference in ion concentration
What supports the structure and communication of neurons?
Oligodendrocytes
What technique is used to study neural activity?
Brain scans, PET imaging, and calcium imaging
What is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?
Phospholipid bilayer, charged ions, and electrical chemical gradient
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Insulates the axon, allowing for faster propagation of the action potential
What happens when the depolarization reaches a threshold?
Action potential is initiated, leading to sodium and potassium channels opening and closing
What are the gaps where the action potential is regenerated along the axon called?
Nodes of Ranvier
What prevents the continuous firing of neurons?
Refractory periods
What can lead to disorders like multiple sclerosis and decreased neural communication efficiency?
Degradation of the myelin sheath
What speeds up the propagation of charge along the axon by allowing action potential to jump between nodes?
Saltatory conduction
What involves the integration of multiple inputs from presynaptic neurons, which can be both temporal and spatial?
Neural integration
What is responsible for the communication between neurons, involving postsynaptic potentials, synapses, and neurotransmitters?
Neurochemistry
What encodes and affects signals, with different neurotransmitters affecting different receptors?
Receptors
Study Notes
Neurophysiology: Key Concepts and Processes
- Neurophysiology focuses on how neurons communicate through action potentials and electrochemical signals
- Neurochemistry deals with the communication between neurons, involving postsynaptic potentials, synapses, and neurotransmitters
- Receptors encode and affect signals, with different neurotransmitters affecting different receptors
- Resting membrane potential is maintained by phospholipid bilayer, charged ions, and electrical chemical gradient
- Action potential is initiated when the depolarization reaches a threshold, leading to sodium and potassium channels opening and closing
- Myelin sheath insulates the axon, allowing for faster propagation of the action potential, while nodes of Ranvier are gaps where the action potential is regenerated
- Refractory periods, including absolute and relative refractory periods, prevent continuous firing of neurons
- Myelin sheath, made of oligodendrocytes, can degrade, leading to disorders like multiple sclerosis and decreased neural communication efficiency
- Saltatory conduction involves action potential jumping between nodes of Ranvier, speeding up the propagation of charge along the axon
- Neurons synapse onto each other, producing excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that add together to cause an action potential
- Neural integration involves the integration of multiple inputs from presynaptic neurons, which can be both temporal and spatial
- Neurons communicate through chemical synapses, where neurotransmitters are released, bind to receptors, and are cleared from the synapse through endocytosis or transporters
Test your knowledge of neurophysiology with this quiz covering key concepts and processes. Explore topics such as action potentials, neurotransmitters, myelin sheath, refractory periods, neural integration, and more. Sharpen your understanding of how neurons communicate through electrochemical signals and the intricate mechanisms involved in neurophysiological functions.
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