Neurophysiology Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:

Pons = Connecting spinal cord with brain and regulating sleep Hypothalamus = Regulating body temperature and autonomic activities Cerebellum = Coordinating voluntary muscles Thalamus = Main relay station for sensory impulses

Match the following parts of the brain with their characteristics:

Midbrain = Contains centers for visual and auditory reflexes Reticular Formation = Filters sensory input and maintains consciousness Epithalamus = Includes the pineal gland affecting cyclic activities Cerebrum = Responsible for conscious thought and voluntary motor functions

Match the following functions with the respective areas they monitor:

Cerebral Cortex = Conscious awareness of sensations Limbic System = Emotional regulation Substantia Nigra = Suppresses unwanted muscle contractions RAS = Helps control muscle tone and posture during movements

Match the following aspects of the cerebrum with their descriptions:

<p>Gyri = Folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex Corpus Callosum = Connects the two cerebral hemispheres Basal Nuclei = Gray matter located in the interior of the brain White Matter = Tracts that connect various functional parts of the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their corresponding brain functions:

<p>Cerebellum = Produces ataxia when diseased Hypothalamus = Regulates food and water intake Thalamus = Processes taste and pain sensory impulses Reticular Formation = Helps in habituation to sensory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:

<p>Medulla = Controls vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance Diencephalon = Manages moods and memory Cerebrum = Responsible for thought and creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the central nervous system with their definitions:

<p>Gyri = Raised areas of the cerebral cortex Sulci = Fissures between gyri Gray matter = Contains mostly cell bodies and dendrites White matter = Composed primarily of myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts about brain metabolism with their effects:

<p>Continuous supply of glucose = Essential for proper brain function 1-2 minutes interruption of blood flow = May impair brain cells 4 minutes without oxygen = Leads to permanent damage 20% of oxygen need at rest = Represents brain's oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following systems of the nervous system with their descriptions:

<p>Sensory system = Involves processing pain and special senses Motor system = Controls reflexes and voluntary movement Limbic system = Involved in emotions and memory Higher functions = Refer to complex cognitive activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following areas of the brain with the appropriate related functions:

<p>Thalamus = Acts as a relay station for sensory signals Hypothalamus = Regulates internal body environment Brain stem = Coordinates basic bodily functions Cerebral cortex = Involved in higher cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Course Overview

  • Instructor: Dr. Rayan Khalid, MBBS, M.Sc, MD
  • Topics Covered: Applied Anatomy, Sensory System, Pain, Reflex & Motor Systems, Higher Functions, Limbic System, Sleep & EEG, Special Senses.

Nervous System Divisions

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and transmitting information.
  • General Terminology:
    • Gyri: Raised areas of the brain.
    • Sulci: Fissures between gyri.
    • Gray Matter: Contains cell bodies, dendrites; found in the cortex and inner spinal cord.
    • White Matter: Composed of myelinated axons; facilitates communication within the CNS.

Brain Anatomy

  • Weight: Approx. 1,600 g in men, 1,450 g in women.
  • Functionality: Consumes 20% of oxygen at rest, highest metabolic activity; requires continuous glucose supply.
  • Vulnerability: 1-2 min without blood flow can impair function; over 4 min can cause permanent damage.

Major Brain Structures

  • Brain Stem: Comprised of medulla, pons, and midbrain; regulates basic life functions.
  • Medulla: Controls vital functions like cardiac and respiratory centers.
  • Pons: Connects different brain parts; involved in sleep and bladder control.
  • Midbrain: Contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes, including the substantia nigra, which moderates unwanted muscle movements.

Diencephalon Functions

  • Thalamus: Primary relay station for sensory impulses to the cortex.
  • Hypothalamus: Regulates autonomic functions including temperature, hunger, and thirst.
  • Limbic System: Responsible for emotion and memory.

Cerebellum

  • Location: Positioned below the cerebrum.
  • Function: Coordinates voluntary muscle movements and maintains balance.
  • Pathology: Disease can result in ataxia (loss of coordination).

Cerebrum Structure

  • Hemispheres: Two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum.
  • Cortex: Outer layer of gray matter involved in higher-order functions.
  • Left Hemisphere: Focused on language and analytical skills; controls right body side.
  • Right Hemisphere: Handles nonverbal tasks and spatial awareness; controls left body side.
  • Hemispheric Dominance: 90% of individuals are left-dominant, affecting handedness and cognitive functions.

Cerebral Lobes

  • Frontal Lobe: Involved in thought elaboration, motor function, and personality.
  • Parietal Lobe: Contains sensory cortex for touch and proprioception.
  • Temporal Lobe: Processes auditory information and balance.
  • Occipital Lobe: Dedicated to visual processing.

Spinal Cord

  • Dimensions: Approximately 17-18 inches long, extending from the foramen magnum to lower lumbar vertebrae.
  • Regions: Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
  • Cauda Equina: Bundle of nerve roots at the terminal end of the spinal cord.

Ascending Spinal Tracts

  • Three Neuron Pathway:
    • First Order Neurons: From receptors to spinal cord.
    • Second Order Neurons: From spinal cord to subcortical areas.
    • Third Order Neurons: From subcortex to cerebral cortex.

CNS Protection

  • Protective Structures: Includes bone (skull and vertebrae), adipose tissue, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Meninges: Composed of dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater; protects and supports the brain and spinal cord.

Meningeal Extensions

  • Falx Cerebri: Separates cerebral hemispheres.
  • Falx Cerebelli: Divides cerebellar hemispheres.
  • Tentorium Cerebelli: Separates cerebrum from cerebellum.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Volume: Approximately 140 ml; cushions the brain.
  • Ventricles: Interconnected cavities producing CSF, including lateral, third, and fourth ventricles.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Composition: Includes 43 pairs of nerves; sensory and motor neurons.
  • Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs responsible for sensory and motor functions; categorized as sensory, motor, or mixed.
  • Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs, all mixed; named by the vertebral level from which they arise.

Cranial Nerve Functions

  • Sensory Nerves: Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulocochlear.
  • Mixed Nerves: Trigeminal, Glossopharyngeal.
  • Motor Nerves: Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Hypoglossal, Facial, Vagus, Accessory.

Spinal Nerve Structure

  • Roots: Comprised of dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots; converge to form mixed spinal nerves.

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