Neurophysiology Pt 3 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is unique about unconventional neurotransmitters in terms of storage?

They can only be found in the presynaptic neuron.

They can only be found in the postsynaptic neuron.

They are stored in vesicles.

They are not stored in vesicles. (correct)

What is the function of Substance P?

It inhibits pain signals.

It carries out pain signals. (correct)

It stores energy as fat.

It increases food intake.

What is the name of the receptor that endocannabinoids bind to?

Histamine and Acetylcholine

CB1 and CB2 (correct)

GABA and Glutamate

Dopamine and Serotonin

What is the function of Neuropeptide Y?

It increases food intake and storage of energy as fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the signaling of unconventional neurotransmitters?

They can send signals backwards from postsynaptic to presynaptic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Endorphins and Encephalins?

They inhibit pain signals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the endocannabinoid synthesized by the body?

AEA and 2-AG Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Endocannabinoid system?

It is involved in appetite, pain sensation, mood, memory, and pharmaceutical effects of Cannabis sativa. Signup and view all the answers

What direction does the membrane potential shift during depolarization?

More positive Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurotransmitters are involved in hyperpolarization?

Inhibitory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of EPSP?

To depolarize the membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the graded potential reaches the threshold potential?

An action potential is generated Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical value of the threshold potential?

-55 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the axon hillock (trigger zone)?

It triggers the action potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of IPSP on the membrane potential?

It shifts the membrane potential to be more negative Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excitatory neurotransmitters on the ion channels?

They open cation channels Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for an action potential to occur?

The sum of the graded potentials must exceed the threshold potential. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the graded potential if it does not meet the threshold potential?

It decays. Signup and view all the answers

Where are graded potentials processed algebraically?

Axon hillock Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for graded potentials to continue being processed?

The sum of graded potentials must be under the threshold potential. Signup and view all the answers

What type of summation involves graded potentials from different synapses?

Spatial summation Signup and view all the answers

What type of summation involves successive discharges from a single presynaptic terminal?

Temporal summation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in neurons?

To integrate incoming information and decide if an action potential will be produced Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of dendritic spines in neurons?

They allow the dendrite to communicate with multiple axons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the axon in neurons?

To transmit action potentials along the length of the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of axonal proteins in neurons?

To transport different cargos into both directions Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of En Passant synapses?

They are used as the electrical signal passes by to the axon terminal Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Axosecretory synapse interface?

To secrete neurotransmitters directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anterograde transport in neurons?

It is related to synaptic components and the flow of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of gasotransmitter unconventional neurotransmitters?

They are small molecules of gas that are freely permeable to the membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT involved in regulating mood?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of anion channels on the postsynaptic membrane?

Induce hyperpolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is responsible for opening specific ion channels through the postsynaptic membrane?

GPCR's Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adrenaline on the body?

It stimulates the fight or flight response Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glutamate on the body?

It stimulates learning and memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of metabotropic receptors?

They act through second messenger systems Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct?

Chemical synapses participate in unidirectional transmission while Electrical synapses are bidirectional. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurophysiology: General Info

Neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Dendrites integrate incoming information and decide if an action potential will be produced by the neuron.
Dendritic spines are small membranous protrusions that cover dendrites, allowing them to communicate with up to hundreds of axons.
Axons can range from a few micrometers to 10 meters long, containing the majority of the cellular cytoplasm and various organelles.
Axonal proteins are synthesized by the soma and transported to the axon.

En Passante Synapses

En Passante synapses are interfaces where the electrical signal passes by to the axon terminal.
Axosecretory synapses are interfaces where the axon terminal secretes directly into the bloodstream.

Axoplasmic Transport

Anterograde transport is related to synaptic components, such as the flow of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria.
Conventional neurotransmitters include small molecule (amino acids, amines, purines) and large molecule (endorphins, neuropeptide Y) neurotransmitters.
Unconventional neurotransmitters, such as endocannabinoids and gasotransmitters, do not require receptors and can cross the cell membrane.

Neurotransmitter Examples

Adrenaline stimulates the fight or flight response.
GABA stimulates a calming response.
Acetylcholine stimulates learning.
Glutamate stimulates memory.
Endorphins stimulate the feeling of euphoria.
Serotonin impacts overall mood by helping with sleep cycles and contributing to a feeling of happiness.
Dopamine stimulates the feeling of pleasure.
Noradrenaline stimulates concentration.

Neurotransmitter Actions

The action of a neurotransmitter in the postsynaptic membrane depends on receptor proteins.
Ionotropic receptors directly gate ion channels.
Cation channels are opened by excitatory neurotransmitters and induce depolarization.
Anion channels are opened by inhibitory neurotransmitters and induce hyperpolarization.
Metabotropic receptors act through second messenger systems.
GPCR (G protein coupled receptors) are examples of metabotropic receptors.

Depolarization and Hyperpolarization

Depolarization shifts the membrane potential to be more positive in charge, typically involving excitatory neurotransmitters opening cation channels.
EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potentials) are involved in depolarizing graded potentials, driving the membrane potential towards threshold.
Hyperpolarization shifts the membrane potential to be more negative in charge, typically involving inhibitory neurotransmitters opening anion channels.
IPSP (Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) are involved in hyperpolarizing graded potentials.

Action Potential Generation

Action potentials are generated by the integration of graded potentials at the axon hillock.
The threshold potential is defined as the minimum voltage required to trigger an action potential, typically occurring at -55 millivolts.
Action potentials are generated by the steps of: (1) receiving inputs from presynaptic neurons, (2) triggering graded potentials, (3) integrating graded potentials at the axon hillock, and (4) propagating the action potential along the axon.

Graded Potential Summation

Numerous presynaptic axons converge on a postsynaptic neuron, generating thousands of IPSPs and EPSPs.
The axon hillock processes graded potentials through algebraic processing of adding or subtracting potential charges.
Graded potentials can be involved in either spatial summation or temporal summation.
Spatial summation involves the summation of graded potentials from different synapses.
Temporal summation involves the summation of successive discharges from a single presynaptic terminal.

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Explore the fundamental components of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, including neurons, dendrites, and their functions. Learn about the role of dendritic spines in synaptic connections.