29 Questions
What type of neuron is typically responsible for detecting sensory stimuli in the periphery?
Bipolar neurons
Which part of the brain receives sensory information from second-order neurons?
Thalamus
What is released by first-order neurons to generate an action potential in the dorsal root ganglia?
Excitatory neurotransmitter
What type of synapse do first-order neurons make in the dorsal root ganglia?
Axodendritic synapse
Which bundle also sends sensory information to the thalamus besides the spinothalamic bundle?
Paleospinothalamic bundle
What is the term for the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease?
Neurodegenerative disorders
Which anatomical component of a neuron is responsible for transmitting information from the cell body to the presynaptic terminals?
Axons
What is the term used to describe the functional component that transmits signals via neurotransmitters to adjacent neurons?
Presynaptic Terminals
Which factor leads to reduced blood flow and oxygen, often occurring together as seen in conditions like stroke?
Ischemia + Hypoxia
What is the name of the anatomical component of a neuron where most metabolic activity occurs and action potentials are generated?
Cell body
What is the term for the continuous supply of glucose required by neurons to function properly?
"Neurons' energy source"
What is the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
Brings in 3 Na+ and exports 2 K+
What initiates the action potential in neurons?
Activation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
What happens during hyperpolarization of a neuron?
K+ channels close slowly, allowing positive K+ out
How does a neuron reach the threshold for an action potential?
Depolarization of the membrane to -55 mV
What effect does the influx of sodium have on a neuron?
Cell becomes more positive
What function do Ion Channels serve in a neuron's response to stimuli?
Cause influx of sodium into the cell
What is one effect of repeated application of identical nociceptive stimuli?
Increased neuron response
In the context provided, what can lead to the development of chronic pain?
Micro-trauma and acute pain over time
What is the role of local cytokines in the activation of immune cells?
Drive activation and polarization of immune cells
Which type of cells secrete cytokines in response to allergies?
TH2 Cells
What happens when neurons are stimulated by cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5?
Neurons activate RTKs
How does the feedforward inflammatory loop involving TH2 cells contribute to allergies?
Secreting cytokines that exacerbate allergic responses
What is the primary function of Trigeminal Ganglia?
Innervating the face, mouth, and eyes
Which ion channel is activated by capsaicin found in hot peppers?
TRPV1
Which ion channel is known for being activated by cold temperatures?
TRPM8
Which ion channel is associated with detecting mechanical pressure?
Piezo
What type of molecules activate TRPA1 ion channels?
Electrophilic ligands
Which ion channel releases pro-inflammatory neurotransmitters when activated?
TRPV1
Test your knowledge on the causes of neuropathologies including neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, ischemia, and trauma. Learn about conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, and the effects of inflammation on nerve damage.
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