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Questions and Answers
Match the part of the neuron with its function:
Dendrites = Receive signals from other neurons Soma = Cell body containing the nucleus Axon = Transmits signals away from the cell body Myelin Sheath = Insulates the axon for faster transmission
Match the type of neuron with its role:
Sensory/Afferent neurons = Carry signals from sensory organs to the brain Motor/Efferent neurons = Transmit signals from the brain to muscles Interneurons = Connect sensory and motor neurons Glial cells = Support and protect neurons
Match the part of the brain with its function:
Cerebellum = Coordination of movement and balance Pons = Aids in sleeping and arousal Medulla = Controls vital functions like heart rate Thalamus = Relays sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
Match the techniques with their description:
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Match the lobe of the brain with its primary function:
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Match the gland with its hormone:
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Match the neuroplasticity concept with its explanation:
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Match the neurotransmitter with its role:
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Study Notes
Neurons
- Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system
- Dendrites receive signals from other neurons
- Soma is the cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus
- Axon transmits signals away from the soma
- Myelin sheath insulates the axon, speeding up signal transmission
- Axon terminals release neurotransmitters into the synapse
- Sensory (Afferent) Neurons transmit signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system
- Motor (Efferent) Neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
Neural Transmission
- Threshold is the level of stimulation needed to trigger an action potential
- Action potential is a brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon
- All-or-None Law states that an action potential either fires completely or not at all
- Synapse is the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross the synapse
- Dopamine: Associated with movement, attention, learning, and pleasure
- Serotonin: Associated with mood, sleep, appetite, and arousal
- Acetylcholine: Associated with muscle action, memory, and learning
- Maladaptations in neurotransmitter levels can lead to various disorders like Parkinson's disease, depression, and schizophrenia
Peripheral Nervous System
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is divided into the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System
- The Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
- The Autonomic Nervous System controls automatic functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing
- The Sympathetic Nervous System prepares the body for action, "fight or flight" response.
- The Parasympathetic Nervous System calms the body, "rest and digest" response.
Cerebral Cortex (Forebrain)
- The Cerebral Cortex is the outer layer of the brain responsible for higher-level functions like language, memory, and reasoning
- Frontal lobes: Responsible for planning, decision-making, and motor control
- Temporal lobes: Responsible for auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension
- Parietal lobes: Responsible for sensory processing, spatial awareness, and attention
- Occipital lobes: Responsible for visual processing
- Motor cortex: Controls voluntary movements
- Somatosensory cortex: Receives sensory information from the body
- Broca's Area: Responsible for speech production
- Wernicke's Area: Responsible for language comprehension
Limbic System & Hindbrain
- The Limbic System is involved in emotions, motivation, and memory
- Hippocampus: Involved in the formation of new memories
- Amygdala: Involved in processing emotions, especially fear and aggression
- Hypothalamus: Regulates basic drives like hunger, thirst, and temperature
- The Hindbrain controls basic life functions
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement, balance, and posture
- Pons: Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
- Medulla: Controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
Brain Imaging
- EEG (Electroencephalogram): Measures electrical activity in the brain, used to study sleep, epilepsy, and other brain disorders
- CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Uses X-rays to create images of brain structures
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses magnetic fields to create detailed images of brain structures, provides insights into brain anatomy.
- PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): Uses radioactive tracers to measure brain activity, useful for studying brain function and metabolism.
- fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, one of the most commonly used brain imaging techniques for studying cognition and behavior.
Endocrine System
- The Endocrine System is a network of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- Pituitary Gland: "Master gland," controls other endocrine glands
- Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycles
- Thyroid: Produces thyroxin, regulates metabolism
- Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon, regulate blood sugar levels
- Adrenal Glands: Produce adrenaline (epinephrine), involved in stress response
- Gonads (Ovaries & Testes): Produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone
- Estrogen: Associated with female sexual development and reproductive function
- Testosterone: Associated with male sexual development and reproductive function
- Oxytocin: Associated with bonding, love, and social trust
- Cortisol: The stress hormone, released during stressful situations
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basic units of the nervous system, neurons, and the intricacies of neural transmission. This quiz covers the structure of neurons, types of neurons, and the processes involved in nerve signal propagation. Perfect for students studying neuroscience or psychology!
