Neurons and Neural Circuits

Which of the following sequences accurately describes the direction of signal flow within a single neuron?

If a neurotoxin specifically targets and destroys oligodendrocytes, which function would be most directly affected?

Which of the following best describes the primary function of neural circuits within the nervous system?

Astrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining the neural environment. What is their primary method of achieving this?

What is the critical role of microglia within the central nervous system?

Which cellular component facilitates communication between different brain regions to perform complex functions like memory and decision-making?

The reflex arc is a basic neural circuit. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of neuron activation in a typical reflex arc?

Which of the following glial cells is primarily responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Which of the following ions, when entering a neuron, would most likely cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase would have which of the following effects on synaptic transmission?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite, and is often associated with depression when present at low levels?

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase) in maintaining a neuron's resting membrane potential?

In the context of neurotransmitter clearance, which process involves transporter proteins removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron?

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily associated with excitatory neurotransmission in the brain?

How do voltage-gated ion channels contribute to the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons?

A patient is diagnosed with a neurological disorder characterized by impaired motor control and a lack of motivation. Deficiency in which neurotransmitter is most likely contributing to these symptoms?

Which glial cell type in the CNS is characterized by its ability to differentiate into myelin-producing cells and receive synaptic inputs from neurons?

What is the primary function of microglia within the central nervous system?

Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. What specialized structure on these cells facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Which of the following best describes the role of the choroid plexus?

Dysfunction of ependymal cells can lead to which of the following conditions?

During an action potential, which ion primarily moves into the neuron, causing depolarization?

Which of the following accurately describes the role of potassium (K⁺) ions in neurophysiology?

Considering the functions of microglia, what potential consequence could result from their overactivation in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's?

How do some viruses, such as rabies and herpes, utilize neuronal structures to invade the nervous system?

What is the most significant role of dendritic spines in neuronal function?

Which of the following components are critical for the function of the Postsynaptic density (PSD)?

What is the primary functional distinction between the axon hillock and the initial segment in a neuron?

If a neuron's axon is damaged, disrupting its ability to transmit signals effectively, which glial cells would be involved in the myelination of the regenerating axon segment, and where?

How does myelination affect the conduction velocity of action potentials, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Which structural feature of a neuron is most directly responsible for integrating incoming signals and determining whether an action potential will be initiated?

What is the functional consequence of a neurological disorder that impairs the dynamics (growth and change) of dendritic spines?

What is the primary role of voltage-gated potassium (K⁺) channels during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

During the absolute refractory period, why is it impossible for a neuron to fire another action potential, regardless of stimulus strength?

How do voltage-gated calcium (Ca²⁺) channels contribute to neurotransmitter release at synapses?

A neuron is currently in its relative refractory period. Which of the following conditions must be met for the neuron to fire another action potential?

What is the status of voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels when a neuron is at its resting state (-70mV)?

How does the inactivation of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels contribute to the action potential?

What is the primary function of the refractory period in neurons?

During hyperpolarization, the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential. What causes this?

In continuous conduction, why is more energy required compared to saltatory conduction?

Which of the following best describes the role of myelin in neuronal signal transmission?

What is the primary function of synaptic vesicles within a neuron?

In which type of neuron would you expect to find saltatory conduction?

Which of the following axons would likely have the fastest conduction velocity?

What differentiates dense-core vesicles from synaptic vesicles in neurons?

How does the diameter of an axon affect the speed of action potential propagation?

Which of the following is the best example of where continuous conduction is typically found?