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Questions and Answers
Which ion channels are responsible for the resting membrane potential?
Which ion channels are responsible for the resting membrane potential?
- Calcium channels
- Sodium channels
- Chloride channels
- Potassium channels (correct)
Ion channels in the membrane are non-selective and allow all ions to pass through.
Ion channels in the membrane are non-selective and allow all ions to pass through.
False (B)
What are the two forces that act on an ion in the electrochemical gradient?
What are the two forces that act on an ion in the electrochemical gradient?
Concentration gradient and voltage difference of the membrane
The direction and size of ion movement depend on the _______________ and the voltage difference of the membrane.
The direction and size of ion movement depend on the _______________ and the voltage difference of the membrane.
Match the type of gated ion channel with its response:
Match the type of gated ion channel with its response:
Graded membrane potentials are changes from the action potential.
Graded membrane potentials are changes from the action potential.
What is the purpose of the Nernst Equation?
What is the purpose of the Nernst Equation?
What happens to K+ ions as they diffuse out of the cell along the concentration gradient?
What happens to K+ ions as they diffuse out of the cell along the concentration gradient?
What type of synapse couples neurons electrically through gap junctions?
What type of synapse couples neurons electrically through gap junctions?
Electrical synapses allow temporal summation.
Electrical synapses allow temporal summation.
What is the primary function of connexons in electrical synapses?
What is the primary function of connexons in electrical synapses?
Neurotransmitters bind to ______ receptors, which can be either ionotropic or metabotropic.
Neurotransmitters bind to ______ receptors, which can be either ionotropic or metabotropic.
Match the following neurotransmitter receptors with their characteristics:
Match the following neurotransmitter receptors with their characteristics:
What is the primary function of the postsynaptic cell in chemical synaptic transmission?
What is the primary function of the postsynaptic cell in chemical synaptic transmission?
All neurotransmitters bind to metabotropic receptors.
All neurotransmitters bind to metabotropic receptors.
What are the two main types of neurotransmitter receptors?
What are the two main types of neurotransmitter receptors?
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
The resting potential of a neuron is a temporary change in membrane potential.
The resting potential of a neuron is a temporary change in membrane potential.
What is the function of ion channels in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons?
What is the function of ion channels in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons?
The movement of electrically charged particles, ions, across cell membranes is caused by _________________.
The movement of electrically charged particles, ions, across cell membranes is caused by _________________.
Which of the following is NOT a type of ion transporter?
Which of the following is NOT a type of ion transporter?
Astrocytes are involved in the production of myelin in the CNS.
Astrocytes are involved in the production of myelin in the CNS.
Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
What is the main difference between resting potential and action potential?
What is the main difference between resting potential and action potential?
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Study Notes
Ion Channels and Membrane Potential
- Ion channels in the membrane are selective and allow some ions to pass more easily.
- The direction and size of ion movement depends on the concentration gradient and the voltage difference of the membrane.
- Leak potassium channel is responsible for the resting membrane potential.
- Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell along the concentration gradient and leave behind negative charges within the cell.
- Potassium equilibrium potential is the membrane potential at which the net movement of K+ ceases.
Types of Ion Channels
- Some ion channels are “gated”: Open and close under certain conditions.
- Voltage-gated channels respond to change in voltage across the membrane.
- Chemically-gated channels depend on molecules that bind or alter channel protein.
- Mechanically-gated channels respond to force applied to the membrane.
Graded Changes and Ion Transport
- Graded membrane potentials are changes from the resting potential.
- Ion transporters and channels generate membrane potential.
- Ion channels and ion transporters in the membrane create the membrane, resting and action potentials.
Electrical Properties of Neurons
- Membrane potential is a charge difference across the membrane, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside.
- Resting potential is the steady state membrane potential of a resting neuron.
- Action potential, or nerve impulse, is a rapid, large change in membrane potential.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- Sodium-potassium pump—moves Na+ ions from inside, exchanges for K+ from outside.
- Establishes concentration gradients.
- The Na+-K+ pump is an antiporter, or sodium-potassium ATPase, as it requires ATP.
Electrical Synapses
- Electrical synapses couple neurons electrically through gap junctions.
- Characteristics of electrical synapses include:
- Fast transmission
- No synaptic cleft
- No synaptic vesicles
- No possibility of IPSPs
Chemical Synapses
- Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron.
- Characteristics of chemical synapses include:
- Slower transmission
- Presence of synaptic cleft
- Presence of synaptic vesicles
- Possibility of IPSPs
Neuromuscular Junction
- The neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells.
- ACh receptor is a ligand-gated, non-selective cationic channel.
Postsynaptic Potentials
- Postsynaptic cell sums the excitatory and inhibitory input.
- EPSP – excitatory synapse
- IPSP – inhibitory synapse
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- Major neurotransmitters of the nervous system include:
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
- Glutamate
- GABA
- Glycine
- Ionotropic receptors are ion channels, whereas metabotropic receptors are not ion channels.
- Examples of ionotropic receptors include glutamate receptors, GABAA, and glycine receptors.
- Examples of metabotropic receptors include glutamate receptors and GABAB receptors.
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