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Questions and Answers
Match the types of degeneration with their descriptions:
Match the types of degeneration with their descriptions:
Wallerian degeneration = Breakdown of the axon after injury leading to cell death Retrograde degeneration = Breakdown of the axon still attached to the cell body Chromatolysis = Loss of Nissl substances in the neuron Transsynaptic degeneration = Death of connected neurons due to synaptic relationships
Match the types of cells with their functions:
Match the types of cells with their functions:
Ependymal cells = Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Schwann cells = Support axons and produce myelin sheaths Neurons in PNS = Ability to repair and regenerate after degeneration Neurons in CNS = Inability to reverse degeneration effects
Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
Axon = Long projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body Nissl substances = Ribosomal RNA involved in protein synthesis in the cell body Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) = Fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord Myelin sheath = Insulating layer that accelerates electrical signal transmission
Match the following processes with their outcome:
Match the following processes with their outcome:
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Match the following types of neurodegeneration with their location:
Match the following types of neurodegeneration with their location:
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Match the parts of a neuron with their functions:
Match the parts of a neuron with their functions:
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Match the types of neurons according to their structure:
Match the types of neurons according to their structure:
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Match the functional classification of neurons:
Match the functional classification of neurons:
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Match the supporting cells in the nervous system with their functions:
Match the supporting cells in the nervous system with their functions:
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Match the definitions with the parts of the neuron:
Match the definitions with the parts of the neuron:
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Match the terms related to neuron functions with their descriptions:
Match the terms related to neuron functions with their descriptions:
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Match the types of neurons with their roles:
Match the types of neurons with their roles:
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Match the key neuron structures with their characteristics:
Match the key neuron structures with their characteristics:
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Match the types of glial cells with their primary function:
Match the types of glial cells with their primary function:
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Match each neuron type with its description:
Match each neuron type with its description:
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Match the following neuronal functions with their types:
Match the following neuronal functions with their types:
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Match the neuron types with their common locations:
Match the neuron types with their common locations:
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Match the following neuron types according to their function:
Match the following neuron types according to their function:
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Match glial cells with their roles in the CNS:
Match glial cells with their roles in the CNS:
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Study Notes
Neuron
- The neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system, responsible for processing and transmitting information.
- It consists of a soma (cell body), dendrites, an axon, and terminal buttons.
- The soma contains the nucleus and vital machinery for the neuron’s life processes.
- Dendrites receive neural messages from other neurons, resembling a tree-like structure.
- The axon is a long, slender tube that carries information from the soma to the terminal buttons.
- Terminal buttons are located at the ends of branches extending from the axon, responsible for transmitting messages to other neurons.
- The junction between a terminal button and a dendrite or soma is known as a synapse, where neural transmission occurs.
Reflex Arc
- A reflex arc is the pathway for nerve impulse conduction to and from the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Neuron Types (Structure)
- Multipolar Neuron: The most common type in the CNS, characterized by one axon and multiple dendrites.
- Bipolar Neuron: Possesses one axon and one dendritic tree at opposite ends of the soma, often found in sensory neurons.
- Unipolar Neuron: Has a single stalk extending from the soma that branches into two extensions, one functioning as a dendrite and the other as an axon. Also known as pseudo-unipolar neurons.
Neuron Types (Function)
- Afferent (Sensory) Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses towards the spinal cord or brain.
- Efferent (Motor) Neurons: Transmit impulses away from the brain or spinal cord towards muscles or glands.
- Interneurons: Connect various neurons within the brain or spinal cord, facilitating communication between afferent and efferent neurons.
Supporting Cells (Glia)
- Astrocytes (Star Cells): Provide structural support to neurons, clear debris in the brain, chemically buffer fluid surrounding neurons, and supply nutrients and dispose of waste products.
- Microglia: Smaller glia cells that act as phagocytes, engulfing dead neurons.
- Oligodendroglia: Provide support to axons and produce myelin sheaths in the CNS.
- Ependymal Cells: Epithelial cells that monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, with specialized cells participating in CSF secretion.
- Schwann Cells: Support axons and produce myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Degeneration
- Wallerian Degeneration: Occurs when an axon is injured, causing the severed section to die due to lack of sustenance.
- Retrograde Degeneration: The breakdown of the axon portion still attached to the cell body.
- Chromatolysis: The cell body loses its Nissl substances and eventually loses its ability to sustain itself.
Degenerative Responses
- Neurons in the PNS can sometimes reverse the effects of degeneration, repairing their structure and growing a new axon.
- Neurons in the CNS are generally unable to reverse the degenerative process.
- Transsynaptic Degeneration: Neurons that form synapses with dying neurons may also die as a consequence.
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Description
Explore the fundamental elements of neurons, including their structure and function, as well as the concept of reflex arcs in the nervous system. Understand the roles of the soma, dendrites, axon, and synapses in neural communication. This quiz covers essential concepts crucial for psychology and biology studies.